Category Archives: Hardware

Using Phototransistors

26th September 2017 Karl

With one of my electronics projects I am wanting to add a couple of phototransistors to make a crude movement sensor and to do this I first need to discover the best way of using them. A phototransistor is sensitive to the amount of light falling upon it, as this increases higher current is allowed through the device. This in turn can be used provide a variable voltage to an analogue input on your microcontroller.

For this posting I am using two different phototransistors, the SFH3710 is a surface mount device smaller than a red lentil and the TEPT4400 is through hole and looks like small white LED and is easier to prototype with, they are both NPN transistors made to respond to visible light at wavelengths around 570nm.

left TEPT4400, right the SFH3710 mounted in stripboard for prototyping

Connecting

A bias, or load, resistor is required to produce an output (V_OUT). This can be above or below the phototransistor.
Common Emitter
The resistor R_C acts to pull-up the voltage, as light increases the output voltage drops.

Common Collector (Common follower)
In this case the resistor R_E acts to pull-down the voltage, as light increases the output voltage increases.

Phototransistor Modes

The Fairchild Semiconductors application notes describe the two modes that phototransistors can be used in; switch and active. The mode is set by the value of the load resistor R_L:

Switch Mode: V_CC < R_L x I_CC
Active Mode: V_CC > R_L x I_CC

Where :

V_CC = Supply Voltage
R_L = Load Resistor (R_c or R_e)
I_CC = Maximum anticipated current

In switch mode the transistor is either on or off, this ‘digital’ output is useful for object sensing or object detection, typically a resistor value greater than 5kΩ is adequate, the output in the ‘high’ state should equal the supply voltage, and for ‘low’ the output should be below 0.8V.

In active mode the output is variable, giving a value related to the amount of light. To use this a low value resistor is required to prevent V_OUT exceeding the supply voltage, using Ohms Law you can find the maximum resistance, the value above which the transistor may respond in switched mode: R_max = V_CC / I_CC, so: 5v / 4mA = 1.2kΩ. Connected up as Common Emitter, selecting a resistor value 30% below this to ensure a margin of error a 875Ω should give 4.5V at the output when completely dark, dropping to below one volt when saturated with light.

The drawback with active mode is that phototransistors have a non-linear response to light, as light increases beyond a certain level their output will suddenly jump and then flatten out, other factors, such as the ambient temperature and the type of light (daylight, fluorescent tubes, LED’s, etc) also affect the value of the output.

Practical Experiments

I want to test that the above is actually true, this circuit uses a white LED pointed at a TEPT4400 along a short piece of black straw to act as a stray light shield. The LED brightness is set using PWM on the Arduino. The phototransistor is setup for Common Emitter output, so the output voltage will drop as the light increases. For active mode R_C was set to 220Ω and for switched mode this was 10kΩ.

The code below uses PWM to fade the white LED up to full brightness, the reading taken from the analog port is a majority candidate reading, where from the ten readings made the one that occurs most often is used as the phototransistor output bounces around, I think this is caused by the PWM, the results are output on the serial port for use in a spreadsheet.

const int sensorPin = A1;
const int LED = 13;
const int pwmOut = 10;
const int numAnalogReadings = 10;
int majority[numAnalogReadings];
int sensorVal = 0;
boolean ledState = LOW;
char pout[40];

// http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/majority-element/
int findCandidate() {

  int maj_index = 0;
  int count = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < numAnalogReadings; i++) {
    
    if (majority[i] == majority[maj_index]) {
      count++;
    }
    else {
      count--;
    }
            
    if (count == 0)
    {
      maj_index = i;
      count = 1;
    }
  }
  return majority[maj_index];  
}

int multiAnalogRead(int aPin) {
    
  for (int i = 0; i < numAnalogReadings; i++) { 
    int s = analogRead(aPin);
    majority[i] = s;
    delay(random(5,9));    
  }
  
  return findCandidate();
}

void setup() {

  delay(1000);
  randomSeed(analogRead(A0));
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);  

  Serial.println("Ready");
  analogWrite(pwmOut, 0);
  delay(1000);

  Serial.println("time\tlight\tvalue");
  
  int i = 0;
  int fadeVal = 0;
  do {
    analogWrite(pwmOut, fadeVal);
    delay(200);
    sensorVal = multiAnalogRead(sensorPin); // analogRead(sensorPin);    
    
    sprintf(pout,"%d\t%d\t%d",i, fadeVal, sensorVal);
    Serial.println(pout);
        
    i++;
    ledState = !(ledState);
    digitalWrite(LED, ledState);
    fadeVal += 5;
  } while (fadeVal <= 255);
  
  Serial.println("finished");
}

void loop() {

}

const int sensorPin = A1;

const int LED = 13;

const int pwmOut = 10;

const int numAnalogReadings = 10;

int majority[numAnalogReadings];

int sensorVal = 0;

boolean ledState = LOW;

char pout[40];

// http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/majority-element/

int findCandidate() {

int maj_index = 0;

int count = 1;

for (int i = 0; i < numAnalogReadings; i++) {

if (majority[i] == majority[maj_index]) {

count++;

}

else {

count--;

}

if (count == 0)

{

maj_index = i;

count = 1;

}

return majority[maj_index];

}

int multiAnalogRead(int aPin) {

for (int i = 0; i < numAnalogReadings; i++) {

int s = analogRead(aPin);

majority[i] = s;

delay(random(5,9));

}

return findCandidate();

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

randomSeed(analogRead(A0));

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);

Serial.println("Ready");

analogWrite(pwmOut, 0);

delay(1000);

Serial.println("time\tlight\tvalue");

int i = 0;

int fadeVal = 0;

do {

analogWrite(pwmOut, fadeVal);

delay(200);

sensorVal = multiAnalogRead(sensorPin); // analogRead(sensorPin);

sprintf(pout,"%d\t%d\t%d",i, fadeVal, sensorVal);

Serial.println(pout);

i++;

ledState = !(ledState);

digitalWrite(LED, ledState);

fadeVal += 5;

} while (fadeVal <= 255);

Serial.println("finished");

}

void loop() {

}

From the output, I was able to produce these graphs, remember that for the Common Emitter setup being used the voltage drops as the light increases, not quite getting the smooth response to light/time I was expecting.

I am not sure why I got these results, they were consistent and I suspect my test setup. Some more experimentation is needed, but for now I have run out of time.

Links and Sources

SFH3710 datasheet
TEPT4400 datasheet
Fairchild Semiconductors, Application Note AN-3005: Design Fundamentals for Phototransistor Circuits
Vishay Semiconductors, Application Note: Ambient Light Sensors – Circuit and Window Design
Sharp Optoelectronics Photodiode/Phototransistor Application Circuit
Using an IR phototransistor
ECE 4760: Final Project Image Scan using Phototransistor Array
Proximity-Sensing LEDs
Arduino’s AnalogWrite – Converting PWM to a Voltage
how to compute bias resistor for phototransistor

Electronics, Hardware, Interesting

Notes Regarding Trinocular Microscopes

23rd September 2017 Karl

In this post I am looking to discuss setting up a Trinocular Microscope for use with photography and video, covering my own experiences in getting the thing working and aspects that are not covered in the fairly useless manual. The type I am using is sold as an Industrial Inspection Microscope giving a magnification range of 3.5X to 90X depending on the installed optics. These look to come from a single factory in China and are distributed under various different brands by a variety of shops on the internet and in places such as ebay and Amazon.

In my electronics work I have been moving across to SMD (Surface Mount Devices) components, these can be rather small and fiddly for which a microscope is just the business. I chose a stereo microscope over the cheaper monocular microscope camera as this gives me a binocular depth of field view so when micro-soldering components I can make out the distance of the iron tip in relation to the board and component. In the past I have tried similar with a camera and monitor setup and this did not work for me.

Parts of the Microscope

Clockwise from the top:

Eyepieces, to look through, with rubber cups – these make the scope easier to use. The eyepieces fitted here are WF10X/20, I’ll talk about the magnifications later
Ocular Tubes, the eyepieces mount into these and are used to set the dioptre – fine tune the focusing
Interpupillary Adjusters – to set the distance between the eyepieces
Objective Lenses – there are two of these
Focusing Knob – as you change magnification, you will need to re-focus.
Magnification Knob – for zooming in and out of your object
Trinocular Lever – pull this out to enable the camera view, when enabled the left eyepiece is blacked out. Simul-Focal microscopes do not have this.
Trinocular Port – camera mounting – the microscope shown comes with a C-mount adapter, here I have attached a C-mount to Fuji X-Mount adapter.

Other Parts
An essential addition to the microscope is some kind of illumination, an LED ring light is an excellent place to start, this mounts onto a slot on the barlow lens or a screw in adapter. You will be wanting one thats both adjustable, really bright and gives and even spread of light, look for those with at least 144 bright white LED’s.

Barlow Lenses fit below the objective lenses, they are used to either reduce the magnification slightly to increase the working distance, or to add additional magnification.

With the 0.5X barlow fitted the working distance can be raised from 9cm to around 15cm, I have not yet found any real use for the 2X barlow.

I have also fitted a 48mm UV (plain glass) filter from a camera shop, this is to simplify cleaning up the various emissions created when soldering, to this I have added a 48-52mm stepping adapter ring to give a place for the LED ring light to attach to as the 0.5X barlow lens does not have a suitable slot.

The objective lenses Magnification is shown on the right hand magnification knob, from 0.7X to 4.5X, the eyepieces are 10X and the barlow is at 0.5X the zoom is calculated by multiplying all the magnifications:

$total\ magnification\ = objective\ lens \times eyepiece \times barlow\ lens$

Generally I am more concerned about the image size being appropriate for the work I am doing, but when specifying a scope you need to know what it can do, these inspection microscopes are excellent for electronics but completely useless for extreme closeups such as seeing the cells from a layer of onion.

The Field of View is shown on the eyepieces, it is the second part of the code: WF10X/20 this field number is the diameter of your objective view in millimeters at 1X magnification, the formula is:

$FoV\ \diameter in\ mm = \frac{field\ number}{objective\ magnification \times barlow\ lens\ magnificatoin}$

Types of Stereo/Trinocular Microscope

These trinocular microscopes have two main types, those that are simul-focal and those that are not. As mentioned before, the standard (for want of a better name) have a lever on the left side which needs to be pulled to enable a view for the camera, this in turn disables the left eyepiece, this becomes a problem if you wish to video while you are working, for photography is is less so. These standard microscopes are a bit cheaper, around £80 – £100 than the simul-focus ones and the image quality from the optics is just the same.

I first started with a standard microscope, in the photo at the top of this page, the small stand makes it very stable for photography, and although it does not have a reducing barlow lens I have successfully used it for a few electronics projects. I have now moved onto a simul-focal microscope with a long boom arm, this is the AmScope SM-4TPZ, this type of microscope is popular among the independent repair shops on YouTube (see the links below), the boom arm and barlow lens makes it more flexible to use.

Setup and Focusing

Setting up for eye focus or for camera focus is relatively straight forward, but getting the camera and the eyes to be working in the same focus can be tricky. The eyes are much more tolerant and have a greater depth of field than the camera, the following steps should give you the results you are looking for (with a 0.5X Barlow Lens, knock 5cm off the height if you don’t have one):

With the focus knob turned so that the scope support (the bit that goes up and down when focus is turned) is flush with the part attached to the support upright hold the microscope and loosen the upright knob at the rear, set the height of the scope so that the objective lens is around 15cm above your work surface.
Set the interpupillary distance to something comfortable, with your eyes hovering above the rubber cups, not in them, I use the bridge of my nose to fix the distance you should see a whole clean circle, and black shading around the sides means you are off centre.
Rotate the ocular tubes, dioptre, so that they are just above halfway distance in their range. Set the magnification to its lowest, 0.7X (I’m not including the magnifications of the other lenses).
With a specimen like a coin or ruler under the objectives, close your left eye and adjust the dioptre on the ocular tube for your right until the focus is sharp.
Repeat with your left eye, closing the right and adjust the left diopter. Its not unusual for your eyes to have different focal distances.
Now zoom in, as you increase magnification adjust the focus knob to suit, micro-adjust the dioptres as required. Once correctly set up, adjusting the focus should be minimal while zooming through the range.

Now that the eyes have been setup, its time for the camera. The smaller the cameras sensor the further away it needs to be:

Zoom back out to 0.7X and set the focus back to its central position, as you started with before
Mount the camera on the Trinocular Port and adjust the height so you see an in focus image.
Now as before, increase the magnification in steps 1X, 2X etc. and check the focus of the camera and eyes, put the camera into focus with the focus knob and adjust the diopters for the eyes, these should be micro-adjustments.

With everything in place, you should have a stable in focus range of around 3cm from your work surface where for a particular magnification nothing but the focus knob needs to be changed.

Photography

When taking photographs using the microscope my camera of choice is a Fuji X-Pro2. This is a mirrorless camera with an APS-C sensor, the reasons for this are: its lighter than most DSLR’s, an old fashioned mechanical plunger type cable release can be used, because the sensor size is smaller it crops out much of the tunnel effect caused by looking down a long tube, and the live view has a manual focus assist which can be used to zoom the live view display and help take a nice sharp image.

The camera sensor size makes a huge difference, to illustrate this here are two photos, one with the Fuji and another with a Canon DSLR full-frame both uncropped:

Normally I would crop to a square inside the image.

The depth of field is rather shallow and there is no aperture to change. To get around this I have used Image Stacking/Focus Merge, where you take a series of photos starting at the top of your object and focusing slightly further down, each image being a slice, I then use Affinity Photo to create a fully focused image.

I set for a low ISO, around 100-400 and being lazy I use auto-exposure. Despite the bright LED light exposure times are generally quite long, 40th-60th of a second and bumping up the ISO to grainy makes little difference, cropping in post can make high ISO grain more apparent. I have made a suitable mount for a macro flash from the lid of an old spray can, a resize ring, small bits of wood and plenty of epoxy (I should have documented this).

One thing you may see in your images is a white dot in the centre of the photo, this is most obvious when fully zoomed in and is caused by light bouncing around the trinocular tube leading to the camera:

this is simply fixed by inserting a tube of matte black card running the length of the camera mount, in this case 40mm:

Cardboard inserted into trinocular mount

Video

I use a dedicated microscope camera for video, the photo cameras while I am sure they would work well have a built in time limit for recording and need attention, I also want to record directly on computer. The camera I use is a generic nameless blue box bought of ebay, on the computer it has the name “H1400 USB Camera” and I have it on a USB 2.0 port outputting 1080p at 30fps in to Open Broadcaster without any problems, it can also do HDMI and can take still images at 14 megapixels (apparently).

The big drawback with the camera is that the sensor used is tiny compared to those used for photography, this appears to be common among almost all video cameras designed for microscopes. To partly fix this a reduction lens can be fitted to the Trinocular Port, I use an AmScope FMA050 (aka RU050) 0.5X reduction lens which I got of ebay. You can see the cameras view in the sketch drawn on 5mm graph paper below, with the magnification set to 0.7X the outer circle is what I see through the eyepieces, the rectangle is what the video camera supplies to the computer:

These cameras would also benefit from being able to provide an image in the old 4:3 aspect ratio as that is much more square than the 16:9 widescreen. The view to your eyes in the microscope will always be substantially better than that presented by the camera.

To Conclude

For a trinocular microscope suitable for micro-soldering I would recommend a simul-focus, its only little extra money for the functionality with the 0.5X barlow lens. AmScope do cheat the magnification a bit, not pointing out the need to swap barlow lenses round to get the advertised 3.5X to 90X range, but with the 0.5X barlow attached it goes upto 22.5X or without it is 45X, on the electronics for most of the time I work at around 15X only zooming in close for inspecting bad soldering and showing off.

As I live in the UK, buying through Amazon UK has the advantage that import duty is paid at checkout, AmScope ship from the USA (a well traveled Microscope, made in China) using UPS, this prevents holdups in customs and UPS’s hefty tax collection fee, ebay have a similar Global Shipping Programme.

Using the microscope for the first time is an odd experience, its interesting how your fingers adjust to the micro-distances, finding the occasional need to wave the soldering iron about until it appears in your field of view and looking at dead insects under the microscope, while eating, is probably best avoided.

Links and References

Microscope Suppliers

AmScope – USA, also available on Amazon UK and ebay
GT Vision UK Supplier, also on ebay

YouTube microscope users – Independent Repair Shops, mostly iPhone and Apple Macs

Computer, Hardware, Interesting, linux, Raspberry Pi

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) on the Raspberry Pi

14th May 2017 Karl 4 Comments

Bluetooth Low Energy – BLE – Bluetooth 4.0 is an industry-standard wireless protocol built for the Internet of Things – IoT, it is designed to provide connectivity for devices operating from low capacity power sources such as coin cell batteries.

Raspberry Pi2 with ASUS USB-BT400 Bluetooth 4.0 Dongle

In this introduction to BLE I’ll be configuring a Raspberry Pi2 computer to talk to a smart watch. We will be installing the latest version of BlueZ from source, enabling BLE support. This is not a tutorial on decoding the data from the watch I am just using it as an example, although I may write about decoding it in a future posting.

I am using a ASUS USB-BT400 Bluetooth 4.0 Dongle on a Raspberry Pi2 but this will work on any computer with a Debian based distribution. Your dongle must be BLE/Bluetooth 4.0 capable otherwise this won’t work. I am using an ID107HR activity tracker with pedometer and heart rate monitor, randomly chosen from the list of cheap ones available on Amazon. While using the Pi to talk to the the watch make sure Bluetooth on the phone is off as it can only connect to one device at a time.

The current distribution of Raspbian – jessie on the Raspberry Pi comes with version 5.23 of the BlueZ Bluetooth stack that’s rather old, dating from September 2014 which lacks many of the features we will be needing. The current version 5.44 of the BlueZ has many changes in the package with many familiar components such as hcitool and gatttool being depreciated, so I will be ignoring those and using the available commands, bluetoothctl, on the terminal.

Installing BlueZ

With Raspbian – jessie installed we will need to update the Pi make sure some packages are installed and then installing the latest version of BlueZ. But first, remove the installed version 5.23 of BlueZ:

$ sudo apt-get --purge remove bluez
$ sudo apt-get autoremove

1 2	$ sudo apt-get --purge remove bluez $ sudo apt-get autoremove

Next, perform the traditional housekeeping updates then install the build tools and USB libraries. Those parts that are installed already will be automatically skipped.

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential
$ sudo apt-get install -y libusb-dev libdbus-1-dev libglib2.0-dev libudev-dev libical-dev libreadline-dev

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential

$ sudo apt-get install -y libusb-dev libdbus-1-dev libglib2.0-dev libudev-dev libical-dev libreadline-dev

Now, download the source code, at time of writing the current stable release is version 5.44, check the BlueZ site for the latest version.

$ cd ~
$ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/bluetooth/bluez-5.44.tar.xz
$ tar xf bluez-5.44.tar.xz
$ cd bluez-5.44/

$ cd ~

$ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/bluetooth/bluez-5.44.tar.xz

$ tar xf bluez-5.44.tar.xz

$ cd bluez-5.44/

Inside the BlueZ directory, configure, make (this takes a while), and install. The experimental option adds BLE support and enabling the library allows for python use later on:

$ ./configure --enable-experimental --enable-library
$ make
$ sudo make install

$ ./configure --enable-experimental --enable-library

$ make

$ sudo make install

Configuring and Starting BlueZ

At this stage we will need to check that the installation worked and that we can see your bluetooth dongle. With your bluetooth dongle in a USB port you should see it on your list of USB devices, here you see mine as device ID: 0b05:17cb ASUSTek Computer, Inc.:

$ lsusb
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 0b05:17cb ASUSTek Computer, Inc. 
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:c52e Logitech, Inc. 
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Standard Microsystems Corp. SMSC9512/9514 Fast Ethernet Adapter
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9514 Standard Microsystems Corp. 
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

$ lsusb

Bus 001 Device 006: ID 0b05:17cb ASUSTek Computer, Inc.

Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:c52e Logitech, Inc.

Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Standard Microsystems Corp. SMSC9512/9514 Fast Ethernet Adapter

Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9514 Standard Microsystems Corp.

Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

You will also need to enable the experimental services, edit the file /lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service and in the [Service] section change the ExecStart line to end with –experimental:

ExecStart=/usr/local/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd --experimental

1	ExecStart=/usr/local/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd --experimental

Start the bluetooth service, and while we are at it enable it to load on boot:

$ sudo systemctl start bluetooth
$ sudo systemctl enable bluetooth

1 2	$ sudo systemctl start bluetooth $ sudo systemctl enable bluetooth

Once started, check the status of the bluetooth daemon with:

$ sudo systemctl status bluetooth
● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-05-06 19:54:28 BST; 54s ago
     Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
 Main PID: 10407 (bluetoothd)
   Status: "Running"
   CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
           └─10407 /usr/local/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd --experimental

May 06 19:54:27 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Bluetooth daemon 5.44
May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi systemd[1]: Started Bluetooth service.
May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Starting SDP server
May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Bluetooth management interface 1.14 initialized

$ sudo systemctl status bluetooth

● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service

Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled)

Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-05-06 19:54:28 BST; 54s ago

Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)

Main PID: 10407 (bluetoothd)

Status: "Running"

CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service

└─10407 /usr/local/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd --experimental

May 06 19:54:27 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Bluetooth daemon 5.44

May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi systemd[1]: Started Bluetooth service.

May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Starting SDP server

May 06 19:54:28 raspberrypi bluetoothd[10407]: Bluetooth management interface 1.14 initialized

Should you need to, the service can be stopped and prevented from loading on boot with:

$ sudo systemctl stop bluetooth
$ sudo systemctl disable bluetooth

1 2	$ sudo systemctl stop bluetooth $ sudo systemctl disable bluetooth

Finally, you may want to enable auto-power on for the device, to do so create this bluetooth config file:

$ sudo mkdir /etc/bluetooth
$ sudo nano /etc/bluetooth/main.conf

1 2	$ sudo mkdir /etc/bluetooth $ sudo nano /etc/bluetooth/main.conf

and add these two lines:

[Policy]
AutoEnable=true

1 2	[Policy] AutoEnable=true

You should restart the Pi at this point and check that the daemon has loaded properly with sudo systemctl status bluetooth

Testing BlueZ

Start the bluetooth controller, you should see your dongles MAC address and alias:

$ sudo bluetoothctl 
[NEW] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6 raspberrypi [default]

1 2	$ sudo bluetoothctl [NEW] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6 raspberrypi [default]

for first time use, try scanning to find your watch, if it doesn’t appear it is out of range, its battery is flat, or your dongle does not support BLE, here you can see it as ID107 HR:

[bluetooth]# power on
Changing power on succeeded
[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8E:FB Powered: yes
[bluetooth]# scan on
Discovery started
[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8E:FB Discovering: yes
[NEW] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ID107 HR
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C RSSI: -63
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Key: 0x001c
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x02
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x00
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xc5
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xe8
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xfb
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xbf
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xf2
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x6c
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xe3
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C AdvertisingFlags: 0x00
...etc...
[bluetooth]# scan off

[bluetooth]# power on

Changing power on succeeded

[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8E:FB Powered: yes

[bluetooth]# scan on

Discovery started

[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8E:FB Discovering: yes

[NEW] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ID107 HR

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C RSSI: -63

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Key: 0x001c

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x02

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x00

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xc5

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xe8

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xfb

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xbf

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xf2

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0x6c

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ManufacturerData Value: 0xe3

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C AdvertisingFlags: 0x00

...etc...

[bluetooth]# scan off

bluetoothctl remembers your devices, so when you next use the program the watch appears on the list at the start. The controller has a number of options, these can be seen with help command. You can use show to view the status of your dongle:

[bluetooth]# show
Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6
	Name: raspberrypi
	Alias: raspberrypi
	Class: 0x000000
	Powered: no
	Discoverable: no
	Pairable: yes
	UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: A/V Remote Control        (0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: PnP Information           (00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: Generic Access Profile    (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: A/V Remote Control Target (0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	Modalias: usb:v1D6Bp0246d052C
	Discovering: no

[bluetooth]# show

Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6

Name: raspberrypi

Alias: raspberrypi

Class: 0x000000

Powered: no

Discoverable: no

Pairable: yes

UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: A/V Remote Control (0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: PnP Information (00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: Generic Access Profile (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: A/V Remote Control Target (0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

Modalias: usb:v1D6Bp0246d052C

Discovering: no

The list of UUID’s show the services supported by the Dongle. Now we can power the dongle on, set the agent – this manages the connection, and then connect to the watch on which the bluetooth symbol will appear. Once connected there will be a pause then you will see a list of attributes supported by the watch, it is advertising the services available:

[bluetooth]# power on
Changing power on succeeded
[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6 Powered: yes
[bluetooth]# agent on
Agent registered
[bluetooth]# default-agent
Default agent request successful
[bluetooth]# connect C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C
Attempting to connect to C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C Connected: yes
Connection successful
[NEW] Primary Service
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008
	00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Generic Attribute Profile
[NEW] Characteristic
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008/char0009
	00002a05-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Service Changed
[NEW] Descriptor
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008/char0009/desc000b
	00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Client Characteristic Configuration
[NEW] Primary Service
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c
	00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Unknown
[NEW] Characteristic
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000d
	00000af6-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Unknown
[NEW] Characteristic
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f
	00000af7-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Unknown
[NEW] Descriptor
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f/desc0011
	00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Client Characteristic Configuration
[NEW] Characteristic
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0012
	00000af2-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Unknown
[NEW] Descriptor
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0012/desc0014
	00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Client Characteristic Configuration
[NEW] Characteristic
	/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0015
	00000af1-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
	Unknown
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ServicesResolved: yes
[ID107 HR]#

[bluetooth]# power on

Changing power on succeeded

[CHG] Controller 5C:F3:70:80:8A:A6 Powered: yes

[bluetooth]# agent on

Agent registered

[bluetooth]# default-agent

Default agent request successful

[bluetooth]# connect C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C

Attempting to connect to C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C Connected: yes

Connection successful

[NEW] Primary Service

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008

00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Generic Attribute Profile

[NEW] Characteristic

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008/char0009

00002a05-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Service Changed

[NEW] Descriptor

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service0008/char0009/desc000b

00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Client Characteristic Configuration

[NEW] Primary Service

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c

00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Unknown

[NEW] Characteristic

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000d

00000af6-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Unknown

[NEW] Characteristic

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f

00000af7-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Unknown

[NEW] Descriptor

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f/desc0011

00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Client Characteristic Configuration

[NEW] Characteristic

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0012

00000af2-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Unknown

[NEW] Descriptor

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0012/desc0014

00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Client Characteristic Configuration

[NEW] Characteristic

/org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char0015

00000af1-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

Unknown

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C UUIDs: 00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

[CHG] Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C ServicesResolved: yes

[ID107 HR]#

and now that we have connected we can ask for some info:

[ID107 HR]# info C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C
Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C
	Name: ID107 HR
	Alias: ID107 HR
	Appearance: 0x0341
	Paired: no
	Trusted: no
	Blocked: no
	Connected: yes
	LegacyPairing: no
	UUID: Unknown                   (00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: Generic Access Profile    (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
	ManufacturerData Key: 0x001c
	ManufacturerData Value: 0x02
	ManufacturerData Value: 0x00
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xc5
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xe8
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xfb
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xbf
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xf2
	ManufacturerData Value: 0x6c
	ManufacturerData Value: 0xe3
[ID107 HR]#

[ID107 HR]# info C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C

Device C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C

Name: ID107 HR

Alias: ID107 HR

Appearance: 0x0341

Paired: no

Trusted: no

Blocked: no

Connected: yes

LegacyPairing: no

UUID: Unknown (00000af0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: Generic Access Profile (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)

ManufacturerData Key: 0x001c

ManufacturerData Value: 0x02

ManufacturerData Value: 0x00

ManufacturerData Value: 0xc5

ManufacturerData Value: 0xe8

ManufacturerData Value: 0xfb

ManufacturerData Value: 0xbf

ManufacturerData Value: 0xf2

ManufacturerData Value: 0x6c

ManufacturerData Value: 0xe3

[ID107 HR]#

These UUID’s are used to describe the sevices available on the device, some are pre-defined and can be found in the a href=”https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/gatt/characteristics” target=”_blank” rel=”noopener noreferrer”>GATT schema, others are vendor specific and unless they publicly release these, decoding can become rather difficult. There are four types of attribute:

Services – collections of characteristics and relationships to other services that encapsulate the behavior of part of a device
Characteristics – attribute types that contain a single logical value
Descriptors – defined attributes that describe a characteristic value
Declarations – defined GATT profile attribute types

Each attribute is identified by a 128 bit ID, for example, one of the characteristics from the list above: 00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb, the first eight bits are used as an unique identifier: 00002902 and are shown as UUID’s: 0x2902. Data is contained in services, each service has a number of characteristics that may contain further descriptions depending on the requirement of the characteristic. You can see how the data is mapped out in this chart:

A spreadsheet with the watch data reformatted and tastefully coloured to illustrates this. Observe the Service URL column, it looks a lot like a directory structure:

Here we see two services /service0008 and /service000c looking further into the second service: /service000c we see that it has four characteristics, and to of those have descriptors. We can interrogate the characteristics and descriptors to glean further information by selecting the attribute and reading, like so:

[ID107 HR]# select-attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f
[ID107 HR:/service000c/char000f]# read
Attempting to read /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x02
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0xa0
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x23
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x01
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x19
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x92
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00
  02 a0 23 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 92 00  ..#.............
  00 00 00                                         ...

[ID107 HR]# select-attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f

[ID107 HR:/service000c/char000f]# read

Attempting to read /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x02

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0xa0

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x23

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x01

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x19

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x92

[CHG] Attribute /org/bluez/hci0/dev_C5_E8_FB_BF_F2_6C/service000c/char000f Value: 0x00

02 a0 23 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 92 00 ..#.............

00 00 00 ...

Which is all very nice, but not particularly helpful as the manufacturer has chosen to use custom, proprietary, UUID’s for the watch. We don’t know the instructions to send to have the watch realease its data.

Those Scripting BlueZ

Inevitably, you’ll be wanting to automate connections. This becomes easy with the automation scripting language expect. Install, then make a script file:

$ sudo apt-get install expect
$ cd ~
$ nano bttest
$ chmod +x bttest

$ sudo apt-get install expect

$ cd ~

$ nano bttest

$ chmod +x bttest

In this example the script forgets the watch, finds the watch, connects to the watch, gets some info and then disconnects:

#!/usr/bin/expect -f

set timeout 10
set prompt ".*#"
set usrpasswd ""
set address "C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C"

## execute blutetoothctl
spawn sudo bluetoothctl 
expect -re ".*password.*" 
send "$usrpasswd\r"

## forget about the device - if connected previously
expect -re $prompt
send "remove $address\r"
expect -re $prompt
sleep 3

## switch on the dongle
send "power on\r"
expect "Changing power on succeeded"
expect -re $prompt

## scan for devices 
send "scan on\r"
expect -re $prompt
sleep 5
send "scan off\r"
expect -re $prompt

## set the agent
send "agent on\r"
expect "Agent registered"
send "default-agent\r"
expect -re $prompt
sleep 2

## connect to watch
send "connect $address\r"
expect -re $prompt

## get some info
send "info $address\r"
expect -re $prompt

## disconnect
send "disconnect $address\r"
sleep 2
expect -re "\[bluetooth\]#"

## bye
send "exit\r"

#!/usr/bin/expect -f

set timeout 10

set prompt ".*#"

set usrpasswd ""

set address "C5:E8:FB:BF:F2:6C"

## execute blutetoothctl

spawn sudo bluetoothctl

expect -re ".*password.*"

send "$usrpasswd\r"

## forget about the device - if connected previously

expect -re $prompt

send "remove $address\r"

expect -re $prompt

sleep 3

## switch on the dongle

send "power on\r"

expect "Changing power on succeeded"

expect -re $prompt

## scan for devices

send "scan on\r"

expect -re $prompt

sleep 5

send "scan off\r"

expect -re $prompt

## set the agent

send "agent on\r"

expect "Agent registered"

send "default-agent\r"

expect -re $prompt

sleep 2

## connect to watch

send "connect $address\r"

expect -re $prompt

## get some info

send "info $address\r"

expect -re $prompt

## disconnect

send "disconnect $address\r"

sleep 2

expect -re "\[bluetooth\]#"

## bye

send "exit\r"

in the script, send sends a command, don’t forget to add the carriage return – \r and expect is used to wait for a response within the timeout period, here it is set to 10 seconds. expect -re is using regex when looking for a reply, otherwise it uses a literal string. So much more can be done with expect and there are many tutorials, such as this one written by FluidBank.

More Bluetooth Data

For analysing bluetooth data a couple of very useful tools are available, Wireshark and Android data logging. I will go through the installation but not look at the data in any detail, this posting is getting a bit long. This Section is in two parts, installing Wireshark and Android Debug Bridge.

Sniffing with the Shark
Wireshark is a network and bluetooth packet sniffer, it shows you network and bluetooth traffic occurring on your Pi. Here is a quick installation method for a reasonably new version of Wireshark (v2.2.4) from the backports, answer yes to the question “Should non-superusers be able to capture packets?”:

$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 7638D0442B90D010
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 8B48AD6246925553
$ echo 'deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jessie-backports.list
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo sudo apt-get -t jessie-backports install wireshark wireshark-dev libwireshark-dev

$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 7638D0442B90D010

$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 8B48AD6246925553

$ echo 'deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jessie-backports.list

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo sudo apt-get -t jessie-backports install wireshark wireshark-dev libwireshark-dev

and if you get a message about permissions, reconfigure the package and answer yes:

$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common

1	$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common

Start Wireshark and double click your bluetooth device on the list, in my case bluetooth0. There is not much to see as Wireshark will only see traffic between the watch and the Pi:

Android Debug Bridge – ADB
For Anroid 4.2.2 and above, activate developer mode on the phone, go to Settings, tap About Phone and at the bottom of the list tap Build Number three times. Back in the main settings page Developer Options has appeared, tap developer and turn USB debugging On. With the phone plugged into a USB port a little Android head should appear in the information bar at the top-left of the screen. To begin we will need to install some udev rules written by Nicolas Bernaerts:

$ sudo wget -O /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NicolasBernaerts/ubuntu-scripts/master/android/51-android.rules
$ sudo chmod a+r /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules
$ sudo service udev restart

$ sudo wget -O /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NicolasBernaerts/ubuntu-scripts/master/android/51-android.rules

$ sudo chmod a+r /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules

$ sudo service udev restart

Install the android tools, confirm that you have at least version 1.0.31, and start ADB

$ sudo apt-get install android-tools-adb android-tools-fastboot
$ adb version
Android Debug Bridge version 1.0.31
$ adb devices
* daemon not running. starting it now on port 5037 *
* daemon started successfully *
List of devices attached 
064be417008eef9f	offline

$ sudo apt-get install android-tools-adb android-tools-fastboot

$ adb version

Android Debug Bridge version 1.0.31

$ adb devices

* daemon not running. starting it now on port 5037 *

* daemon started successfully *

List of devices attached

064be417008eef9f offline

At this point on the phone an allow USB debugging dialog will appear, give permission and always trust to authorise it. ADB will now show the device as a device:

$ adb devices
List of devices attached 
064be417008eef9f	device

$ adb devices

List of devices attached

064be417008eef9f device

If the device list is empty, with everything plugged in good and proper and the phone setup in developer mode, start your diagnosis by checking udev; open another terminal window and view logging with udevadm monitor –environment and reload with sudo udevadm control –reload I’m not entirely sure what I did to get it from ‘not working’ to ‘working’. If all else fails elevate yourself to root.

Data Capture
With ADB now setup we can capture the Bluetooth data being exchanged. With bluetooth off, in the Developer Settings find Enable Bluetooth HCI snoop log and turn it On. In the smartwatch app synchronise with your watch, once complete turn Bluetooth off manually – this is to minimise the amount of captured data. Don’t forget to turn logging off on the phone when done. To find where the log file has been stored and copy the file from the phone to the Pi use:

$ adb shell "cat /etc/bluetooth/bt_stack.conf | grep FileName"
BtSnoopFileName=/sdcard/btsnoop_hci.log
$ adb pull /sdcard/btsnoop_hci.log ~/

$ adb shell "cat /etc/bluetooth/bt_stack.conf | grep FileName"

BtSnoopFileName=/sdcard/btsnoop_hci.log

$ adb pull /sdcard/btsnoop_hci.log ~/

We can now use Wireshark to read the log file…

Wireshark reading the Android Bluetooth Log

This wasn’t quite the posting I originally had in mind, I wanted to decode the data from the watch for my own use, making something more useful, impressive graphs and charts, than that provided by the Android App VeryFit 2.0 but as the manufacturer has chosen to use proprietary GATT codes it makes the job that much harder. It may be much simpler to just buy an expensive FitBit and download the data from them. But with writing this I now know a few things that were previously unknown, and I hope that this has provided some light to your BlueZ (a pun!, right at the end!).

Links and Sources

Bluetooth Low Energy Description
ID107HR activity tracker review
BlueZ – Official Linux Bluetooth protocol stack
List of GATT Services
Raspbian for the Raspberry Pi
Adafuit: Install bluez on the Raspberry Pi
ArchLinux Wiki: Bluetooth
Bluetooth audio paired but not connect? – Very useful BlueZ guide
Getting Started with Bluetooth Low Energy: Tools and Techniques for Low-Power Networking – ISBN: 1491949511

Arduino, Electronics, Hardware, Interesting

Controlling the Zoom H2n Audio Recorder with Arduino

17th April 2017 Karl

In Part One I covered the byte codes sent by the Zoom Remote Controller RC1 and decoded data sent over the wire to the remote from the Zoom H2n Recorder.

In this post I will be covering the use of an Arduino style micro-controller to decode the signals sent by the remote, then control the recorder. I have used a Tennsy 3.1 Arduino clone as this is a small controller with two additional hardware serial ports, works with 3.3volt logic, and a with the addition of a crystal and button battery a real-time clock.

Setup and Connections

The connections on the remotes four pin 2.5mm jack, with pin one being the tip:

Remote Receive – RX
Remote Transmit – TX
Ground
3.1V – Power

On the Teensy there are two hardware serial UARTs available in addition to that used by the USB port, UART2: Pin 9 (RX2), Pin 10 (TX2) and UART3: Pin 7 (RX3), Pin 8 (TX3). Serial data is sent at 2400 baud, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop (8n1). The response data shown is for when the recorder is in XY Stereo mode (0x20, 0x21), different codes are returned when other recording modes are used, see the end of Part One for details.

Serial Monitor

This first chunk of code is for monitoring the outputs of the remote control and recorder. Connect Remote Receive – RX on the remote to RX2 – Pin 9 on the Teensy and Remote Transmit – TX to RX3 – Pin 7 and Ground to Ground on the Teensy. This program will output data received to the Arduino IDE’s serial monitor.

//written for a Teensy 3.x
#define MONITOR_LED 13
int incomingByte2 = 0;
int incomingByte3 = 0;
unsigned long nowMillis = 0;

void printByte(int p, int b) {
  char out[40];
  sprintf(out, "RX%d: %8lu\t0x%x\t%d",p,nowMillis,b,b);
  Serial.println(out);
}

void setup() {
  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("ready");

  // incoming data
  Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1);  // Remote Receive - RX
  Serial3.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1);  // Remote Transmit - TX

  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);
}

void loop() {

  nowMillis = millis();
  if (Serial2.available() > 0) {
    incomingByte2 = Serial2.read();
    printByte(2, incomingByte2);
  }

  if (Serial3.available() > 0) {
    incomingByte3 = Serial3.read();
    printByte(3, incomingByte3);   
  }
}

//written for a Teensy 3.x

#define MONITOR_LED 13

int incomingByte2 = 0;

int incomingByte3 = 0;

unsigned long nowMillis = 0;

void printByte(int p, int b) {

char out[40];

sprintf(out, "RX%d: %8lu\t0x%x\t%d",p,nowMillis,b,b);

Serial.println(out);

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

// incoming data

Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1); // Remote Receive - RX

Serial3.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1); // Remote Transmit - TX

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

}

void loop() {

nowMillis = millis();

if (Serial2.available() > 0) {

incomingByte2 = Serial2.read();

printByte(2, incomingByte2);

}

if (Serial3.available() > 0) {

incomingByte3 = Serial3.read();

printByte(3, incomingByte3);

}

The output is in four columns; the UART seeing activity, current milliseconds and the received data in hexadecimal and decimal values.

Taking Control – But Not Listening

Sending the command to the recorder blindly is quite straight forward, just send the bytes to the Remote Transmit – TX pin on the recorder (Zoom RX). This can be seen in the following, when run it starts the recorder recording for ten seconds. Connect: Remote TX to TX2 on the Teensy, Remote RX to RX2 and Ground to Ground.

//written for a Teensy 3.x
#define MONITOR_LED 13

// bytes to start and stop the recorder, a negative number is used as a delay
int record[5] = { 0x81, 0x0, -100, 0x80, 0x0 };  

void zoomTX(int d[], int len) {
    
    // show what is going to be done 
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { 
      char out[40];
      if (d[i] < 0) {
        sprintf(out,"TX2: delay(%d)",abs(d[i]));
        Serial.println(out);        
      }
      else {
        sprintf(out, "TX2: %d\t0x%x", i, d[i]);        
        Serial.println(out);
      }      
    }

    // do the command
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {  
      if (d[i] < 0) {
        delay(abs(d[i]));
      }
      else {
        Serial2.write(d[i]);
      }      
    }   
}

void setup() {

  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("ready");

  Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1);  // connection to Zoom.

  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
  delay(2000);
  
  Serial.println("REC: start");
  zoomTX(record, sizeof(record)/sizeof(int));
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

  Serial.println("-----------------");
  delay(10000); // wait ten seconds
   
  Serial.println("REC: stop");
  zoomTX(record, sizeof(record)/sizeof(int));
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

  Serial.println("-end-");
}

void loop() {
  // nothing to loop
}

//written for a Teensy 3.x

#define MONITOR_LED 13

// bytes to start and stop the recorder, a negative number is used as a delay

int record[5] = { 0x81, 0x0, -100, 0x80, 0x0 };

void zoomTX(int d[], int len) {

// show what is going to be done

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

char out[40];

if (d[i] < 0) {

sprintf(out,"TX2: delay(%d)",abs(d[i]));

Serial.println(out);

}

else {

sprintf(out, "TX2: %d\t0x%x", i, d[i]);

Serial.println(out);

}

// do the command

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

if (d[i] < 0) {

delay(abs(d[i]));

}

else {

Serial2.write(d[i]);

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1); // connection to Zoom.

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

delay(2000);

Serial.println("REC: start");

zoomTX(record, sizeof(record)/sizeof(int));

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

Serial.println("-----------------");

delay(10000); // wait ten seconds

Serial.println("REC: stop");

zoomTX(record, sizeof(record)/sizeof(int));

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

Serial.println("-end-");

}

void loop() {

// nothing to loop

}

Taking Control – And Listening for a Reply

The next stage is to have the Teensy control the Zoom and listen for a response from the recorder. Again, as before connect: Remote TX to TX2 on the Teensy, Remote RX to RX2 and Ground to Ground. For the demonstration I have added three buttons to act as the controller.

The following code needs more development work, I ran out of time, but I think gives a good starting point for further investigation. I have placed the commands for the remote in a structure, each command; record, pause and mark has four components, the command to transmit to the Zoom, the expected responses when starting and stopping and a flag to store the status.

//written for a Teensy 3.x

#define MONITOR_LED 13
#define RED_BTN 2
#define GRN_BTN 3
#define BLU_BTN 4

unsigned long nowMillis = 0;
unsigned long prevMillis = 0;
unsigned long buttonPressDelay = 400;
unsigned long serialTimeout = 8000; // it can take a few seconds for the zoom to start recording

struct ZOOMTX {
  int record[4][5] = { {0x81, 0x0, -100, 0x80, 0x0},   // Transmit command data - a minus number is used as a delay(xxx)
                       {0x20, 0x20, 0x21},             // Expected Response - Start (in XY Stereo mode)
                       {0x21, 0x21, 0x20},             // Response - Stop
                       {0} };                          // status: record[3][0] = 1: recording, 0: not recording
  int pause[4][5]  = { {0x80, 0x2, -100, 0x80, 0x0},
                       {0x21, 0x21, 0x20},
                       {0x20, 0x21},
                       {0} };
  int mark[4][5]   = { {0x80, 0x1, -100, 0x80, 0x0},
                       {0x20, 0x20},
                       {0x20, 0x20},
                       {0} };

  int noAction[2]  = { 0x20, 0x20 }; // this happens when pause is pressed while not recording. Response in XY Stereo mode
};

struct LED_MONITOR {
  const unsigned int onTime = 300;
  const unsigned int offTime = 500;
  unsigned long prevMillis = 0;
  unsigned int wait = onTime;
  boolean state = true;
};

ZOOMTX ZoomTX;
LED_MONITOR LEDmonitor;

void printByte(int p, int b) {

  char out[40];
  sprintf(out, "RX%d: %8lu\t0x%x\t%d", p, millis(), b, b);
  Serial.println(out);
}

boolean getButton(byte btn) {

  boolean b = digitalRead(btn);
  if (b == true) {
    while (digitalRead(btn) != b) {
      delay(5);    // wait until button release;
    }
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

void zoomTransmit(int d[], int len) {

  for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    char out[40];
    if (d[i] < 0) {
      sprintf(out, "TX2: delay(%d)", abs(d[i]));
      Serial.println(out);
    }
    else {
      sprintf(out, "TX2: %d\t0x%x", i, d[i]);
      Serial.println(out);
    }
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    if (d[i] < 0) {
      delay(abs(d[i]));
    }
    else {
      Serial2.write(d[i]);
    }
  }
}

// http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=5157.0
boolean arrayCompare(int *a, int *b, int len_a, int len_b) {
  int n;
  if (len_a != len_b) {
    return false;
  }
  for (n = 0; n < len_a; n++) {
    if (a[n] != b[n]) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

int arrayLen(int a[5]) {
  int c=0;
  for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++) {
    if (a[n] == 0) {
      break;      
    }
    c++;
  }
  return c;
}

boolean zoomCommand(int cmd[4][5]) {

  int responseBytes[5] = {0};  // for incoming serial data
  unsigned long serialNow = millis();
  int expectedResponse[3] = {0}; 
  int responseLen = 0;
  if (cmd[3][0] == 0) {  // copy the expected response into expectedResponse
    Serial.println("start");
    memcpy(expectedResponse, cmd[1], sizeof(cmd[1])); // expected start response
    responseLen = arrayLen(cmd[1]);
  }
  else {
    Serial.println("stop");
    memcpy(expectedResponse, cmd[2], sizeof(cmd[2])); // expected stop response
    responseLen = arrayLen(cmd[2]);
  }

  // clear the incoming serial2 buffer
  while(Serial2.available()) {
    Serial2.read();
  }
  
  // send the command to the zoom    
  zoomTransmit(cmd[0], sizeof(cmd[0]) / sizeof(int)); 
  
  // listen for a response
  while ((Serial2.available() > 0 && Serial2.available() < responseLen) && ((millis() - serialNow) < serialTimeout))
  {  } // listen for responseLen bytes or until serialTimeout
  
  if (Serial2.available() == 2) {  // only two bytes received?
    for (int n = 0; n < 2; n++) {
      responseBytes[n] = Serial2.read();
      printByte(2, responseBytes[n]);
    }
    if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, expectedResponse, 2, 2)) { 
      Serial.println("RX: OK - Acknowledged! (two bytes)"); // mark has a two byte response
      return true;
    }
    
    if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, ZoomTX.noAction, 2, 2)) {
      Serial.println("RX: no action data received - Zoom not in the state we thought it was?");
    }
    else {
      Serial.println("RX: did not understand the response - two bytes"); // probably not in XY Stereo mode?  
    }
    return false;
  }
  else {  // three or more bytes
    for (int n = 0; n < 3; n++) {   // check the first three
      responseBytes[n] = Serial2.read();
      printByte(2, responseBytes[n]);
    }
    if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, expectedResponse, 3, 3) == true) {
      Serial.println("RX: OK - Acknowledged!");
      return true;
    }
    else {
      Serial.println("RX: did not understand the response - three bytes"); // probably not in XY Stereo mode?
    }
  }  
  return false;
}

// https://www.baldengineer.com/millis-ind-on-off-times.html
void toggleMoitorLEDstate(unsigned long n) {

  if ((unsigned long)(n - LEDmonitor.prevMillis) >= LEDmonitor.wait) {
    if (LEDmonitor.state) {
      LEDmonitor.wait = LEDmonitor.offTime;         
    }
    else {
      LEDmonitor.wait = LEDmonitor.onTime; 
    }  
    LEDmonitor.state = !(LEDmonitor.state);
    LEDmonitor.prevMillis = n;
  }
}

void setup() {
  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("ready");

  Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1); // zoom connection

  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(RED_BTN, INPUT);
  pinMode(GRN_BTN, INPUT);
  pinMode(BLU_BTN, INPUT);
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
}

void loop() {

  nowMillis = millis();

  if (getButton(RED_BTN) && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {
    Serial.print("RECORD: ");
    if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.record)) {
      if (ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 0) {
        digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);
        ZoomTX.record[3][0] = 1;  // recording started
      }
      else {
        digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
        ZoomTX.record[3][0] = 0;  // recording stopped
        ZoomTX.pause[3][0] = 0;   // recording now not paused (just in case)
      }
    }
    else {
       Serial.println("RECORD COMMAND FAILED!");
    }
    prevMillis = nowMillis;
  }

  // pause only works when recording
  if (getButton(GRN_BTN) && ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 1 && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {
    Serial.print("PAUSE: ");
    if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.pause)) {
      ZoomTX.pause[3][0] = !(ZoomTX.pause[3][0]); // toggle the pause status
      digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);
    }
    else {
       Serial.println("PAUSE COMMAND FAILED!"); // probably not recording, or not recording in XY Stereo
    }
    prevMillis = nowMillis;
  }

  if (getButton(BLU_BTN) && ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 1 && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {
    Serial.print("MARK: ");
    if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.mark)) {
      Serial.println("recording marked");
    }
    else {
       Serial.println("PAUSE COMMAND FAILED!"); // probably not recording, or not recording in XY Stereo
    }
    prevMillis = nowMillis;
  }
    
  // blink the LED while paused
  if (ZoomTX.pause[3][0] == 1) {
      digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LEDmonitor.state);
      toggleMoitorLEDstate(nowMillis);    
  }

}

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//written for a Teensy 3.x

#define MONITOR_LED 13

#define RED_BTN 2

#define GRN_BTN 3

#define BLU_BTN 4

unsigned long nowMillis = 0;

unsigned long prevMillis = 0;

unsigned long buttonPressDelay = 400;

unsigned long serialTimeout = 8000; // it can take a few seconds for the zoom to start recording

struct ZOOMTX {

int record[4][5] = { {0x81, 0x0, -100, 0x80, 0x0}, // Transmit command data - a minus number is used as a delay(xxx)

{0x20, 0x20, 0x21}, // Expected Response - Start (in XY Stereo mode)

{0x21, 0x21, 0x20}, // Response - Stop

{0} }; // status: record[3][0] = 1: recording, 0: not recording

int pause[4][5] = { {0x80, 0x2, -100, 0x80, 0x0},

{0x21, 0x21, 0x20},

{0x20, 0x21},

{0} };

int mark[4][5] = { {0x80, 0x1, -100, 0x80, 0x0},

{0x20, 0x20},

{0} };

int noAction[2] = { 0x20, 0x20 }; // this happens when pause is pressed while not recording. Response in XY Stereo mode

};

struct LED_MONITOR {

const unsigned int onTime = 300;

const unsigned int offTime = 500;

unsigned long prevMillis = 0;

unsigned int wait = onTime;

boolean state = true;

};

ZOOMTX ZoomTX;

LED_MONITOR LEDmonitor;

void printByte(int p, int b) {

char out[40];

sprintf(out, "RX%d: %8lu\t0x%x\t%d", p, millis(), b, b);

Serial.println(out);

}

boolean getButton(byte btn) {

boolean b = digitalRead(btn);

if (b == true) {

while (digitalRead(btn) != b) {

delay(5); // wait until button release;

}

return true;

}

return false;

}

void zoomTransmit(int d[], int len) {

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

char out[40];

if (d[i] < 0) {

sprintf(out, "TX2: delay(%d)", abs(d[i]));

Serial.println(out);

}

else {

sprintf(out, "TX2: %d\t0x%x", i, d[i]);

Serial.println(out);

}

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

if (d[i] < 0) {

delay(abs(d[i]));

}

else {

Serial2.write(d[i]);

}

// http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=5157.0

boolean arrayCompare(int *a, int *b, int len_a, int len_b) {

int n;

if (len_a != len_b) {

return false;

}

for (n = 0; n < len_a; n++) {

if (a[n] != b[n]) {

return false;

}

return true;

}

int arrayLen(int a[5]) {

int c=0;

for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++) {

if (a[n] == 0) {

break;

}

c++;

}

return c;

}

boolean zoomCommand(int cmd[4][5]) {

int responseBytes[5] = {0}; // for incoming serial data

unsigned long serialNow = millis();

int expectedResponse[3] = {0};

int responseLen = 0;

if (cmd[3][0] == 0) { // copy the expected response into expectedResponse

Serial.println("start");

memcpy(expectedResponse, cmd[1], sizeof(cmd[1])); // expected start response

responseLen = arrayLen(cmd[1]);

}

else {

Serial.println("stop");

memcpy(expectedResponse, cmd[2], sizeof(cmd[2])); // expected stop response

responseLen = arrayLen(cmd[2]);

}

// clear the incoming serial2 buffer

while(Serial2.available()) {

Serial2.read();

}

// send the command to the zoom

zoomTransmit(cmd[0], sizeof(cmd[0]) / sizeof(int));

// listen for a response

while ((Serial2.available() > 0 && Serial2.available() < responseLen) && ((millis() - serialNow) < serialTimeout))

{ } // listen for responseLen bytes or until serialTimeout

if (Serial2.available() == 2) { // only two bytes received?

for (int n = 0; n < 2; n++) {

responseBytes[n] = Serial2.read();

printByte(2, responseBytes[n]);

}

if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, expectedResponse, 2, 2)) {

Serial.println("RX: OK - Acknowledged! (two bytes)"); // mark has a two byte response

return true;

}

if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, ZoomTX.noAction, 2, 2)) {

Serial.println("RX: no action data received - Zoom not in the state we thought it was?");

}

else {

Serial.println("RX: did not understand the response - two bytes"); // probably not in XY Stereo mode?

}

return false;

}

else { // three or more bytes

for (int n = 0; n < 3; n++) { // check the first three

responseBytes[n] = Serial2.read();

printByte(2, responseBytes[n]);

}

if (arrayCompare(responseBytes, expectedResponse, 3, 3) == true) {

Serial.println("RX: OK - Acknowledged!");

return true;

}

else {

Serial.println("RX: did not understand the response - three bytes"); // probably not in XY Stereo mode?

}

return false;

}

// https://www.baldengineer.com/millis-ind-on-off-times.html

void toggleMoitorLEDstate(unsigned long n) {

if ((unsigned long)(n - LEDmonitor.prevMillis) >= LEDmonitor.wait) {

if (LEDmonitor.state) {

LEDmonitor.wait = LEDmonitor.offTime;

}

else {

LEDmonitor.wait = LEDmonitor.onTime;

}

LEDmonitor.state = !(LEDmonitor.state);

LEDmonitor.prevMillis = n;

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

Serial2.begin(2400, SERIAL_8N1); // zoom connection

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

pinMode(RED_BTN, INPUT);

pinMode(GRN_BTN, INPUT);

pinMode(BLU_BTN, INPUT);

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

void loop() {

nowMillis = millis();

if (getButton(RED_BTN) && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {

Serial.print("RECORD: ");

if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.record)) {

if (ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 0) {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

ZoomTX.record[3][0] = 1; // recording started

}

else {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

ZoomTX.record[3][0] = 0; // recording stopped

ZoomTX.pause[3][0] = 0; // recording now not paused (just in case)

}

else {

Serial.println("RECORD COMMAND FAILED!");

}

prevMillis = nowMillis;

}

// pause only works when recording

if (getButton(GRN_BTN) && ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 1 && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {

Serial.print("PAUSE: ");

if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.pause)) {

ZoomTX.pause[3][0] = !(ZoomTX.pause[3][0]); // toggle the pause status

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

}

else {

Serial.println("PAUSE COMMAND FAILED!"); // probably not recording, or not recording in XY Stereo

}

prevMillis = nowMillis;

}

if (getButton(BLU_BTN) && ZoomTX.record[3][0] == 1 && nowMillis >= (prevMillis + buttonPressDelay)) {

Serial.print("MARK: ");

if (zoomCommand(ZoomTX.mark)) {

Serial.println("recording marked");

}

else {

Serial.println("PAUSE COMMAND FAILED!"); // probably not recording, or not recording in XY Stereo

}

prevMillis = nowMillis;

}

// blink the LED while paused

if (ZoomTX.pause[3][0] == 1) {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LEDmonitor.state);

toggleMoitorLEDstate(nowMillis);

}

There is a problem when resuming from pause, because the Zoom sends codes to flash the LED on the remote this can pick up the wrong pair of bytes; such as 0x21 0x21 instead of the expected 0x20 0x21.

I expect to be revisiting this, adding a timer function plus external battery for long running. I’m not sure how useful listening for a response is, sending the record command toggle on its own seems fairly robust without the need to check.

Links and Sources

Arduino, Electronics, Hardware, Interesting

Hacking the Zoom H2n Remote Control

14th April 2017 Karl

The Zoom H2n is a portable sound recorder looking like an old fashioned microphone it is a handheld device that provides an assortment of stereo and surround recording modes, it records onto an SD card in MP3 or WAV format with options for various bitrates and frequencies. The unit is powered internally by two AA batteries and can also be powered from the USB port. The recorder I am experimenting on has firmware version 2.00 installed.

A not at all contrived image of the Zoom H2n Portable Recorder

The Zoom Remote Controller RC2 is a wired four pin 2.5mm jack plug connection, this remote has three buttons: record, mark, and pause there is also an LED to show when the H2n is recording. It is purchased separately from the recorder and only appears to be available bundled in an accessory pack. It looks difficult to take apart without leaving some damage, and this may not be necessary for decoding.

In this post I am looking to see how the remote works and find what control method it employs so in Part Two I can use an Arduino style micro-controller to provide an external trigger such as for timed recordings.

Setup for Testing

For testing I have made a breakout lead, this is essentially an extension cable split in half with a couple of molex style connectors allowing me to plug it into a breadboard. With this I have found the cable has the following connections, with pin one being the tip of the 2.5mm jack plug:

Remote Receive – RX
Remote Transmit – TX
Ground
3.1V – Power

When checking with a multimeter I found continuity from the negative of the left battery (on the Mic Gain side) to pin three, ground, of the jack, there is also a connection between the positive of the right-hand battery to pin one of the jack but on the multimeter in diode mode there looks to be a capacitor, the voltage rises until no apparent connection is indicated. With no activity on the recorder the RX and TX pins show ~2.7 volts.

Determining the RX and TX pins turned out to be straightforward. When you press the record button after a moment the recording LED lights up, on the oscilloscope I can see three different square wave patterns for the three different buttons on the TX pin and a single type of square wave on RX to light the LED. The following images show the signal for the record button then that sent in response to to light the LED.

Signal sent by the remote when Record pressed

Signal sent by the Zoom recorder to light the LED in the remote

Also when buttons are pressed on the recorder data is seen on the RX line. For a more detailed examination I will need to break out the logic analyser.

Signal Analysis

Following some research where the remote for a Zoom H4n was examined, I set both channels being used on the logic analyser to the following:

Protocol: UART
2400 baud, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop (8n1)
Bit Order: LSB first, inverted logic: No

Decoding of the first part of the stop recording command

First I decoded the buttons on the remote with the trigger on the logic analyser set to falling edge on the Remote TX line. On TX there is a pause between the two pairs of command bytes which appears to be the length of time the button was pressed, around 350-500ms, there is also a pause between bytes in the RX response, the value of the response changes depending on which recording mode you are in, those shown below are when the recorder is in XY Stereo:

Record Start
TX:	0x81 0x0	~	0x80 0x0
RX:	0x20	1.85s	0x20 0x21	record LED on
Record Stop
TX:	0x81 0x0	~	0x80 0x0
RX:	0x21 0x21 0x20	1.9s	0x20 0x20	record LED off
Pause (while recording)
TX:	0x80 0x2	~	0x80 0x0
RX:	0x21	51ms	0x21 0x20	then this repeats
		492ms	0x20 0x21	to flash the LED
		492ms	0x21 0x20	until pause is pressed again
Resume from Pause
TX:	0x80 0x2	~	0x80 0x0
RX:	0x21 0x21			LED on
Mark
TX:	0x80 0x1	~	0x80 0x0
RX:	0x21	492ms	0x20 0x21	LED on

I was also able to capture the following activity sent to the remote when various buttons were pressed on the recorder itself with the recorder in XY Stereo mode. Other models of the recorders made by Zoom have more advanced remotes, such as the RC4 as featured in this hack of the H4n. I suspect they would work on this machine too. This time I set the logic analyser to trigger with a falling edge on Remote RX. I think the 0x20 code is used to indicate the display illumination has been turned off. I saw activity on all buttons except the Mic Gain knob.

Power On – Without remote attached
TX:	Lots of random activity
RX:	0x10	400ms	0x80 0x81
		1.2s	0x10 0x0 0x80 0x0
		140ms	0x0 0x0 0x80 0x80 0x0
		~2ms	0x0 0x80 0x0 0x0 0x80 0x0
Power On – With remote attached
TX:	0x0	five pulses 30ms apart
		30ms	0x0 0xA1 0x80 0x0 0xA1
RX:	following pulses on TX		0x80 0x81 0x80 0x10
		1.2s	0x10 0x0
		148ms	0x0 0x0
		~4ms	0x0 0x0 0x0
Record Start
RX:	0x20	20ms	0x20 0x21	LED on
Record Stop
RX:	0x21 0x21 0x21 0x20	~	0x20
		~283ms	0x20 0x20	LED off
Menu \ Home – Into Menu
RX:	0x20 0x20 0x0
Exit from Menu
RX:	0x20	45ms	0x20
Play Switch: Up/Down/Press
RX:	0x20	55ms	0x20
Clipping detect (tapping the microphone with a pen)
RX:	0x10 0x2	56ms	0x2
		59ms	0x10
		60ms	0x10
		354ms	0x10
Volume: Up and Down
RX:	0x20
Recording Mode Change: 4 channel surround
RX:	0x10 0x10 0x30	14ms	0x30 0x30
		122ms	0x34
		60ms	0x30
		60ms	0x30
Recording Mode Change: XY Stereo
RX:	0x30 0x30 0x20	216ms	0x20
Recording Mode Change: 2 channel surround
RX:	0x20 0x20 0x30 0x30	18ms	0x30
		148ms	0x30
		164ms	0x30 0x6
		56ms	0x14 0x30
		477ms	0x30
Recording Mode Change: MS Stereo
RX:	0x30 0x30 0x10	170ms	0x10
		50ms	0x12

I think these response codes are to light up various LED’s on the more advanced Zoom RC4 remote, this suggests that other remotes would work in this recorder.

The following table shows the response codes given with different microphone configurations when record is clicked to start recording:

TX:	0x81 0x0 ~100ms delay 0x80 0x0
XY Stereo:	0x20 750ms delay 0x20 0x21
2 Channel Surround:	0x30 750ms delay 0x30 0x31
MS Stereo:	0x10 750ms delay 0x10 0x11
4 Channel Surround:	0x30 750ms delay 0x30 0x31

In Part Two I will be covering the use of a Arduino style micro-controller as an alternative remote control.

Links and Sources

Manufacturers Page: Zoom H2n
Hacking the Zoom H4n remote
Logic Analyser: https://www.ikalogic.com/scanaplus/

Arduino, Electronics, Hardware

Exploring Interrupts on the Arduino

16th December 2016 Karl

Interrupts are a handy way of having the micro-controller listen for triggers and respond to them, instead of polling, constantly checking, the controller listens while getting on with other things, this is analogous to when the door bell rings you interrupt what you are doing to answer the door rather than repeatedly going and checking the door every few minutes to see if anyone is there. The interrupt is handled by micro-controller hardware and reacts very quickly and efficiently to a detected event, different micro-controllers have different interrupt pins available, for example the one used in the original Uno only has two digital pins available but on more recent models such as the Genuino 101 or the Teensy 3.2 all digital pins can be used.

In your program when an interrupt is triggered the action performed by your function – the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) should be kept simple so as not to keep the controller occupied and possibly miss other trigger events, interrupts are for listening and monitoring to tell your main program that something has happened. The micro-controller can react to four different types of trigger:

LOW – trigger whenever the pin is low
CHANGE – trigger whenever the pin changes value
RISING – trigger when the pin goes from low to high
FALLING – when the pin goes from high to low

On the oscilloscope screen above we can see these conditions on a square wave, the change trigger can be said to be all the corners. If your input is being pulled high and goes low when triggered (as shown), then choose Falling or Low, it is better to detect a falling or rising edge as using low can cause the interrupt to trigger multiple times for the duration of the low state.

Hardware

To illustrate the use of interrupts I have written a program to find the rotation and wind speeds of a 30cm Desk Fan. To do this I added a hall effect switch and magnet to find the rotation speed of the blades and bought a cheap Anemometer to find the speed of air being pushed out by the fan.

Circuitry for the Hall Effect Switch, Anemometer and monitor LED's — Circuitry for the Hall Effect Switch, Anemometer and monitor LED’s

To monitor the speed of the fan I have used a A1120EUA-T Hall Effect Switch and 10K pull-up resistor and glued this to the body of the fan near the motor shaft and on the shaft itself glued a small magnet.

Glued to the fan is a Hall Effect Switch with pull-up resistor and magnet on fan shaft.

The Anemometer is not particularly robust and could be seriously damaged by a pigeon. Taking the cap off you will find a bearing to allow the top to rotate freely as well as a magnet, inside there is a small reed switch that closes every time the magnet passes over it. I have connected this to the Teensy in the same way as would a button switch with a pull-down resistor.

The the reed switch in the anemometer creates a bit of noise when it closes as you can see on the oscilloscope below, these are picked up as false positives by the micro-controller and will give you bad readings. Fortunately this can be fixed in software by having the interrupt handler ignore further events for a few milliseconds.

Reed switch noise, after the first rise when the switch closes, the contacts bounce about for a short while before settling. — Reed switch noise, after the first rise when the switch closes, the contacts bounce about for a short time before settling.

A thing I found useful when testing this was to have the multimeter set to its frequency counter (Hz) and check that roughly the same cycles per second were displayed on the meter and on the Arduino serial out.

Software

The Arduino commands to look out for are attachInterrupt and digitalPinToInterrupt to convert the named digital pin as you see on the board/piece of card to the interrupt name used by the controller. There are a few rules to remember when using interrupts:

Keep it simple – the function – Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) called by your interrupt should be short and simple, any extra data processing should be done in the main program.
Delay() won’t work, and don’t use Serial.print()
Make variables shared with the main code volatile – this tells the complier that the variable can change at any time, so it must be reloaded every time its referenced.

#include <math.h>

#define FAN_PIN 14
#define FAN_LED 23
#define ANEMOMETER_PIN 15
#define ANEMOMETER_LED 22

// all global variables used in a interrupt function need to set as volatile
volatile int fanCount = 0;
volatile byte fanState = LOW;
volatile byte anemometerState = LOW;
volatile int anemometerCount = 0;
volatile unsigned long lastAnemometerMillis = 0;

// reed switch debounce time, keep this as low as possible
// set long enough not to give you false readings
volatile unsigned long anemometerTimeoutMillis = 10;  

boolean isrMonitorON = true;
int fanRPM = 0;
int anemometerRPM = 0;
unsigned long lastMillis = 0;

const int anemometerRadius = 70; // in mm, the distance from the centre of the anemometer to the middle of a cup

// fan Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
void rpmFan() { 
  if (isrMonitorON == false) {
    return;
  }  
  fanCount++;
  fanState = !(fanState);
}

// anemometer Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
void rpmAnemometer() { 
  if (isrMonitorON == false) {
    return;
  }
  
  // the reed switch in the anemometer makes a fairly rough signal, so we ignore further interrupts 
  // for the next anemometerTimeoutMillis - switch bounce fix in software
  if (millis() - lastAnemometerMillis > anemometerTimeoutMillis) {
    anemometerCount++;
    anemometerState = !(anemometerState);
    lastAnemometerMillis = millis();
  }
}

// convert the RPM to m/s
float calcMetersPerSecond(int rpm) {
  float r = (float) anemometerRadius / 1000;  // convert to meters
  float n = (float) rpm;  
  return (2 * M_PI * r * n) / 60;  
}

void setup() {
  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("ready");
  
  pinMode(FAN_PIN, INPUT);
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(FAN_PIN), rpmFan, RISING);
  pinMode(FAN_LED, OUTPUT); 
  digitalWrite(FAN_LED, LOW);

  pinMode(ANEMOMETER_PIN, INPUT);
  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(ANEMOMETER_PIN), rpmAnemometer, RISING);
  pinMode(ANEMOMETER_LED, OUTPUT); 
  digitalWrite(ANEMOMETER_LED, LOW);
  
}

void loop() {

  digitalWrite(FAN_LED, fanState);
  digitalWrite(ANEMOMETER_LED, anemometerState);
  if (millis() - lastMillis >= 1000) { 
    isrMonitorON = false; // stop updating the counters while calculating and displaying

    fanRPM = fanCount * 60;  // convert frequency to RPM.
    anemometerRPM = anemometerCount * 60;

    Serial.print("fan: "); 
    Serial.print(fanRPM); 
    Serial.print("rpm\t"); 
    Serial.print(fanCount); // if your multimeter has a frequecy counter, use this number to check against when testing
    Serial.print("Hz\t anemometer RPM: ");
    Serial.print(anemometerRPM);
    Serial.print("rpm\t wind speed: ");
    Serial.print(calcMetersPerSecond(anemometerRPM));
    Serial.print("m/s\t");
    Serial.print(anemometerCount);
    Serial.println("Hz");
    
    fanCount = 0;
    anemometerCount = 0;    
    lastMillis = millis();
    isrMonitorON = true;   // start updating the counters again
  }
}

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#include <math.h>

#define FAN_PIN 14

#define FAN_LED 23

#define ANEMOMETER_PIN 15

#define ANEMOMETER_LED 22

// all global variables used in a interrupt function need to set as volatile

volatile int fanCount = 0;

volatile byte fanState = LOW;

volatile byte anemometerState = LOW;

volatile int anemometerCount = 0;

volatile unsigned long lastAnemometerMillis = 0;

// reed switch debounce time, keep this as low as possible

// set long enough not to give you false readings

volatile unsigned long anemometerTimeoutMillis = 10;

boolean isrMonitorON = true;

int fanRPM = 0;

int anemometerRPM = 0;

unsigned long lastMillis = 0;

const int anemometerRadius = 70; // in mm, the distance from the centre of the anemometer to the middle of a cup

// fan Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

void rpmFan() {

if (isrMonitorON == false) {

return;

}

fanCount++;

fanState = !(fanState);

}

// anemometer Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

void rpmAnemometer() {

if (isrMonitorON == false) {

return;

}

// the reed switch in the anemometer makes a fairly rough signal, so we ignore further interrupts

// for the next anemometerTimeoutMillis - switch bounce fix in software

if (millis() - lastAnemometerMillis > anemometerTimeoutMillis) {

anemometerCount++;

anemometerState = !(anemometerState);

lastAnemometerMillis = millis();

}

// convert the RPM to m/s

float calcMetersPerSecond(int rpm) {

float r = (float) anemometerRadius / 1000; // convert to meters

float n = (float) rpm;

return (2 * M_PI * r * n) / 60;

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

pinMode(FAN_PIN, INPUT);

attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(FAN_PIN), rpmFan, RISING);

pinMode(FAN_LED, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(FAN_LED, LOW);

pinMode(ANEMOMETER_PIN, INPUT);

attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(ANEMOMETER_PIN), rpmAnemometer, RISING);

pinMode(ANEMOMETER_LED, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(ANEMOMETER_LED, LOW);

}

void loop() {

digitalWrite(FAN_LED, fanState);

digitalWrite(ANEMOMETER_LED, anemometerState);

if (millis() - lastMillis >= 1000) {

isrMonitorON = false; // stop updating the counters while calculating and displaying

fanRPM = fanCount * 60; // convert frequency to RPM.

anemometerRPM = anemometerCount * 60;

Serial.print("fan: ");

Serial.print(fanRPM);

Serial.print("rpm\t");

Serial.print(fanCount); // if your multimeter has a frequecy counter, use this number to check against when testing

Serial.print("Hz\t anemometer RPM: ");

Serial.print(anemometerRPM);

Serial.print("rpm\t wind speed: ");

Serial.print(calcMetersPerSecond(anemometerRPM));

Serial.print("m/s\t");

Serial.print(anemometerCount);

Serial.println("Hz");

fanCount = 0;

anemometerCount = 0;

lastMillis = millis();

isrMonitorON = true; // start updating the counters again

}

Data

Here is a chart of the information gathered, it might even be interesting for someone with an interest in aerodynamics, anemology or something. The fan is a three speed SFC-300BP 12″/30cm Air Circulator and the Anemometer was placed one meter away from the fan positioned to capture the strongest wind.

fan			anemometer
setting	RPM	Hz	RPM	Hz	m/s
1.	1045	17	150	2.5	1.10
2.	1223	20	201	3.35	1.47
3.	1366	22.7	214	3.5	1.5

I took 60 readings for each fan speed then averaged them, in my program I used the following formula to work out the wind speed from the Anemometer in meters per second:

$v = \frac{2\pi rN}{60}$

where:

v = velocity in meters per second
r = radius in meters – distance from the centre to the middle of the cup
N = Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)

Links & Sources

RPM To Linear Velocity Calculator: http://www.calctown.com/calculators/rpm-to-linear-velocity
A1120EUA-T Hall Effect Switch Datasheet at Hobbytronics
Teensy Interrupts https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/interrupts.html
Measuring RPM on the Arduino
Further reading: Discussion on Arduino Interrupts

Arduino, Electronics, Hardware, Interesting

More than one MCP23017?

20th November 2016 Karl

I have a had a few requests on how to add more than one MCP23017 port expander to the Arduino via the i²c bus, this chip is a very useful and easy to use component that adds up to 16 digital I/O ports to the Arduino. This demonstration uses two MCP23017’s with three LEDs for output, one RGB LED to loop through a selection of colours, a single colour that blinks on and off, and another RGB LED that is controlled by a four button keypad. I have written the program using the millis() timer rather than the delay() function to maintain the illusion of multi-tasking.

Addressing the MCP23017

The port expander has a three pins, A0, A1, and A2 for which an address can be set, each MCP23017 on your i²c bus must be set to have its own address, this is a three bit address and up to eight expanders can be used. Although I suspect things may noticeably slow down as you add more expansion. There is an SPI version available, the MCP23S07, that may be better for use with larger setups.

The address connections are shown the chart below, where zero is a connection to ground and one is a connection to 5V (or 3.3 volts). The MCP Address column refers to the address used by the Adafruit driver as you will see later.

chip address	hardwired address			i²c address	MCP address
chip address	A2	A1	A0	i²c address	MCP address
000	GND	GND	GND	0x20	0
001	GND	GND	5v	0x21	1
010	GND	5v	GND	0x22	2
011	GND	5v	5v	0x23	3
100	5v	GND	GND	0x24	4
101	5v	GND	5v	0x25	5
110	5v	5v	GND	0x26	6
111	5v	5v	5v	0x27	7

In my circuit I have assigned the first expander address 0x20 and the second 0x21.

Powering the Expanders

The port expander has been designed to run on a supply of 2.5v to 5.5v, so using a 5v supply from the USB port should be OK for a modest number of LED’s, you will need to calculate what your power requirements will be, approx 20mA per LED, so in this demonstration: 7 LED’s x 20mA = 140mA, plus whatever the chip itself is using. Bear in mind that each GPIO pin on the expander can only handle a maximum of current 25mA, and that the maximum total power dissipated must not exceed 700mW (after which point it’ll let the magic smoke out).

A Teensy 3.2 has a 3.3V supply but this is rated at 250mA maximum, the Ardunio UNO looks to be around 450mA on the 5V and only 50mA on the 3.3V output. For running from a battery I would look to use a 6v supply and a buck converter such as this Pololu step-down regulator.

The Hardware

On the left we see the Arduino UNO with the two i²c wires coming from pins A4 – SDA and A5 – SCL, two 4.7K ohm resistors are used for pullup, the port expanders are daisy chained along this bus, using pins 12 – SCL and 13 – SDA. See how the addresses are set on pins 15, 16 and 17, and note the 1K ohm resistor on the reset pin (18), without this resistor the circuit will work for a while then stop. The GPIO pins are connected as appropriate and the button switches do not need pull-up resistors as the port expanders internal pull-ups are turned on in the software.

Connecting two MCP23017 port expanders (click to enlarge)

Also if you are using RGB LED’s you will want to adjust the values I have given here, different colours have different power requirements so different resistor values are required to get a properly balanced colour LED. The RGB LEDs I have used are common anode, 5v is applied to the common and the path to ground to through the expander, this inverts the logic so setting the pin HIGH turns the LED off, and LOW turns it on.

The Software

The Adafruit MCP23017 library assigns each GPIO pin a number as you can see in the following diagram:

On both expanders the RGB LEDs are on ports 8,9 and 10 (to save me writing separate code for each RGB LED), the blink LED on port 7 of the first expander, and the buttons occupy ports 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the second. The first three buttons are used to toggle the red, green and blue in the second RGB LED while the fourth turns them all off. The other two LEDs are just doing things to show that they can do stuff.

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_MCP23017.h>  // https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit-MCP23017-Arduino-Library

// setup the port expander
Adafruit_MCP23017 mcp0;  // assign each expander its own mcp name
Adafruit_MCP23017 mcp1;

const unsigned int onTime = 300;
const unsigned int offTime = 1000;
unsigned long previousMillis = 0;
unsigned long rgbPMillis = 0;
const unsigned long rgbOnTime = 200;
unsigned long tt = onTime;
boolean LEDstate = true;
const byte rgbLED[3] = {8, 9, 10};
const byte blinkLED  = 7;
int count=0;
int lastCount=1;

// using a structure to group together the button controls.
struct MCP_BUTTONS {
  const byte buttns[4] = {4, 5, 6, 7};   // buttons are attached to these GPIO ports
  boolean btnState[4] = {false, false, false, false};
  boolean btnPressed = false;
  byte btnKey = 0;
};

MCP_BUTTONS btns;

// http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=119261.0
void displayBinary(int count) {
  char binary[4] = {0};
  count += 8;                 // fix the length to four bytes  3 + 8 = 11  = 0b1011
  itoa(count,binary,2);       // convert count to a base 2 char array  
  char* string = binary + 1;  // remove the most significant (first) bit   = 0b011

  for(byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    mcp0.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],string[i] - '0'); // - '0' converts the bit to HIGH or LOW
  }
}

boolean isButtonBeingPressed() {

  boolean b;

  // check to see that the button has been released before setting the settings
  if (btns.btnPressed == true && mcp1.digitalRead(btns.buttns[btns.btnKey]) == true) {
    btns.btnPressed = false;
    btns.btnState[btns.btnKey] = !(btns.btnState[btns.btnKey]); // toggle the logic
    return true;
  }

  // read the four buttons, see if one is being pressed
  for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++){
    b = mcp1.digitalRead(btns.buttns[i]);    
    if (b == false) {      
      btns.btnKey = i;
      btns.btnPressed = true;
      break;
    }    
  }  
  return false;
}

void doThingWithButton() {

  boolean b;
  // the fourth button switches all LEDs off and resets the button state
  if (btns.btnState[3] == true) {
    for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++){
      mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],true);
      btns.btnState[i] = false;  
    }
    return;
  }
  
  for (byte i = 0; i < 3; i++){
    b = !(btns.btnState[i]);  //  invert the logic for common anode LED: HIGH = off, LOW = on.
    mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],b);
  }  
}

void mcpSetup() {

  // setup the RGB LEDs - the RGB LEDs are common anode, so the output needs to be high to turn them off.
  for (byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) {    
    mcp0.pinMode(rgbLED[i], OUTPUT);
    mcp0.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i], HIGH);  // turn LEDS off

    mcp1.pinMode(rgbLED[i], OUTPUT);
    mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i], HIGH);  // turn LEDS off
  }

  // setup the buttons
  for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    mcp1.pinMode(btns.buttns[i], INPUT);
    mcp1.pullUp(btns.buttns[i], HIGH);       // activate internal pullup resistor
  }
  
}

void setup() {
  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);

  Wire.begin();
  mcp0.begin(0);    // 0 = i2c address 0x20
  mcp1.begin(1);    // 1 = i2c address 0x21

  mcpSetup();
  mcp0.pinMode(blinkLED, OUTPUT);    // setup the blink led
  mcp0.digitalWrite(blinkLED, LOW); 

  Serial.println("ready");

}

void loop() {
  
  mcp0.digitalWrite(blinkLED, LEDstate);

  // only change the RGB colour when the counter has changed
  if (count != lastCount) {
    displayBinary(count);
    lastCount = count;
  }

  boolean btn = isButtonBeingPressed();
  if (btn == true) {
    doThingWithButton();
  }
  unsigned long currentMillis = millis();

  // the blinking LED is lit for a sorter time than it is off
  // I forgot where I got this code from, but will update once I do.
  if ((currentMillis - previousMillis) >= tt) {
    if (LEDstate) {
      tt = offTime;
    } else {
      tt = onTime;
    }
    LEDstate = !(LEDstate); 
    previousMillis = currentMillis;
  }

  // increment the counter every rgbOnTime millis, then reset it when all three bits are true (0b111)
  if ((currentMillis - rgbPMillis) >= rgbOnTime) {
    count++;
    if (count > 7) {
      count = 0;
    }
    rgbPMillis = currentMillis;
  }
  
}

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#include <Wire.h>

#include <Adafruit_MCP23017.h> // https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit-MCP23017-Arduino-Library

// setup the port expander

Adafruit_MCP23017 mcp0; // assign each expander its own mcp name

Adafruit_MCP23017 mcp1;

const unsigned int onTime = 300;

const unsigned int offTime = 1000;

unsigned long previousMillis = 0;

unsigned long rgbPMillis = 0;

const unsigned long rgbOnTime = 200;

unsigned long tt = onTime;

boolean LEDstate = true;

const byte rgbLED[3] = {8, 9, 10};

const byte blinkLED = 7;

int count=0;

int lastCount=1;

// using a structure to group together the button controls.

struct MCP_BUTTONS {

const byte buttns[4] = {4, 5, 6, 7}; // buttons are attached to these GPIO ports

boolean btnState[4] = {false, false, false, false};

boolean btnPressed = false;

byte btnKey = 0;

};

MCP_BUTTONS btns;

// http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=119261.0

void displayBinary(int count) {

char binary[4] = {0};

count += 8; // fix the length to four bytes 3 + 8 = 11 = 0b1011

itoa(count,binary,2); // convert count to a base 2 char array

char* string = binary + 1; // remove the most significant (first) bit = 0b011

for(byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

mcp0.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],string[i] - '0'); // - '0' converts the bit to HIGH or LOW

}

boolean isButtonBeingPressed() {

boolean b;

// check to see that the button has been released before setting the settings

if (btns.btnPressed == true && mcp1.digitalRead(btns.buttns[btns.btnKey]) == true) {

btns.btnPressed = false;

btns.btnState[btns.btnKey] = !(btns.btnState[btns.btnKey]); // toggle the logic

return true;

}

// read the four buttons, see if one is being pressed

for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++){

b = mcp1.digitalRead(btns.buttns[i]);

if (b == false) {

btns.btnKey = i;

btns.btnPressed = true;

break;

}

return false;

}

void doThingWithButton() {

boolean b;

// the fourth button switches all LEDs off and resets the button state

if (btns.btnState[3] == true) {

for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++){

mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],true);

btns.btnState[i] = false;

}

return;

}

for (byte i = 0; i < 3; i++){

b = !(btns.btnState[i]); // invert the logic for common anode LED: HIGH = off, LOW = on.

mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i],b);

}

void mcpSetup() {

// setup the RGB LEDs - the RGB LEDs are common anode, so the output needs to be high to turn them off.

for (byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

mcp0.pinMode(rgbLED[i], OUTPUT);

mcp0.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i], HIGH); // turn LEDS off

mcp1.pinMode(rgbLED[i], OUTPUT);

mcp1.digitalWrite(rgbLED[i], HIGH); // turn LEDS off

}

// setup the buttons

for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

mcp1.pinMode(btns.buttns[i], INPUT);

mcp1.pullUp(btns.buttns[i], HIGH); // activate internal pullup resistor

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Wire.begin();

mcp0.begin(0); // 0 = i2c address 0x20

mcp1.begin(1); // 1 = i2c address 0x21

mcpSetup();

mcp0.pinMode(blinkLED, OUTPUT); // setup the blink led

mcp0.digitalWrite(blinkLED, LOW);

Serial.println("ready");

}

void loop() {

mcp0.digitalWrite(blinkLED, LEDstate);

// only change the RGB colour when the counter has changed

if (count != lastCount) {

displayBinary(count);

lastCount = count;

}

boolean btn = isButtonBeingPressed();

if (btn == true) {

doThingWithButton();

}

unsigned long currentMillis = millis();

// the blinking LED is lit for a sorter time than it is off

// I forgot where I got this code from, but will update once I do.

if ((currentMillis - previousMillis) >= tt) {

if (LEDstate) {

tt = offTime;

} else {

tt = onTime;

}

LEDstate = !(LEDstate);

previousMillis = currentMillis;

}

// increment the counter every rgbOnTime millis, then reset it when all three bits are true (0b111)

if ((currentMillis - rgbPMillis) >= rgbOnTime) {

count++;

if (count > 7) {

count = 0;

}

rgbPMillis = currentMillis;

}

Captive Nut How-To

11th September 2016 Karl

A quick captive nut how-to, for when you are making a wooden box that has a lid you need to remove on an irregular basis. Wood screws tend to maul the wood after a while and then the lid falls off, these captive nuts are easy to do and just work.

You will need:

Nut and bolt
two part expoy adhesive
drill bit as large as the nut and a drill
Vaseline or any other petroleum jelly

In this example I am using an M4 nut and bolt and an 8mm drill bit. You may need to cut your bolt to length.

1. Drill your hole
in this case about 1 cm, deep enough so when you insert the nut and bolt the expoy will cover the nut. Clean it up, removing wood shavings and other debris.

2. Grease Up
To prevent the expoy sicking to the bolt smear some Vaseline onto your bolt, only a small amount is required, but you should get it into the thread, make sure you keep the nut clean. Thread the nut back onto the bolt, leaving 4-5mm of bolt protruding, as shown:

3. Mix up the Expoy
Mix a blob about the size of a marrowfat pea, enough to fill half of the hole. Drizzle this into the hole.

4. Plunge the nut and bolt into the hole
Wiggle it about a bit to make sure the expoy is well distributed. Position the bolt how you would like and leave to set. If you see the bolt moving use some sticky tape to hold it in place.

5. Remove the bolt
After about 10 to 15 minutes, the expoy will have set (unless you got that weird stuff). Use a screwdriver for at least the first turn as there will be a little adhesion, but it’ll come out cleanly.

If you have any excess expoy protruding it’s still quite soft at this time so cut it way with a Stanley knife as I have done in the example. Once fully cured expoy makes a hard plastic that can be difficult to cut.

The amount to cut off your bolt is the length of your bolt less the thickness of your lid less a bit of wiggle room, I use a cutting disc on a Dremel, and file the cut edge smooth. You need to ensure its long enough to go through the nut once cut as the expoy has a thread that gives a misleading nutness (technical term!) that soon wears away.

I hope you enjoy your captive nuts, I am sure they will give you many years of service. The same principle can also be applied to making captive bolts, especially if you wanted to use Wing Nuts for easier access.

Arduino, Electronics, Hardware

Using a Thumb Slide Joystick

9th May 2016 Karl

Here are some notes on using the Sparkfun Thumb Slide Joystick on an Ardunio. This is a small two way X-Y variable resistor based controller that uses two analogue pins on the Arduino and works with both the 5 volt logic of the Uno as well as the 3.3 volts of the Teensy.

I found that this joystick works well for giving the eight positions found at the stick limits crosswise and diagonally but it doesn’t seem sensitive enough for reporting accurate positions.

Connecting

On the underside of the joystick there are four solder pads, looking from above with the screw holes pointing towards you, the connections are:

X-Axis
+5 volts
Y-Axis
GND

Connections, looking from above and circuit diagram

Should you take one to bits, you will find two sliders with small metal contacts and a circuit board with carbon tracks acting as a variable resistor. The sliders move in a parallel configuration, and the joystick control has a spring to return it to centre when released.

Inside the Joystick showing the contacts

6N2A5558 — Carbon tracks on the circuit board, solder pads top left

These can be tricky to put back together afterwards.

Underside of the joystick, with some wires soldered to the connections

The pads on the base are spaced at 2mm but with some bending it is possible to attach standard 2.54mm (0.1inch) header pins, solder the inside two first before attaching the outers.

Thumb Joystick test setup with a Teensy,

When mounting in a case or panel you will need to drill a 18mm hole for the controller and the thumb pad is raised about 3mm above the surface of the body. I would secure the controller in place with a couple of blobs of hot glue rather than use the small screw holes.

Programming

For my setup I am using the Teensy’s 3.3 volt output to power the joystick and the X-Axis connected to Analog pin 0, and Y-Axis to Analog pin 1,

This test program shows the position of the joystick through the serial port, it attempts to calibrate itself and set the values for the chosen direction, if this is not always successful when returning to the centre position try experimenting with the tolerance and maxRange values.

#define XAXIS A0
#define YAXIS A1
#define MONITOR_LED 13

int xVal=0;
int yVal=0;

int lastX = 0;
int lastY = 0;
const int tolerance = 4;
int centreXY[2] = {0,0}; // x,y

 // highest reading on an analog pin is 1023, but the resistors in the thumb slider 
 // limit this to around 900
const int maxVal = 900; 

// set this too low and detecting diagonals is difficult, too high and detecting 
// the centre position becomes difficult 
const int maxRange = 50;

// output the joystick position, left, right, etc to the serial port
void axisPosition(int x, int y) {

  char xpos[7] = "";
  char ypos[7] = "";
  // calculate how far the joystick has to be moved 
  // before the direction is established 
  int left   = centreXY[0] - (tolerance-1);  // x
  int right  = centreXY[0] + (tolerance+1);  // x
  int top    = centreXY[1] - (tolerance-1);  // y
  int bottom = centreXY[1] + (tolerance+1);  // y

  if (abs(x-centreXY[0]) < tolerance) {
    strcat(xpos,"centre");
  }
  else if (x <= left) {
    strcat(xpos,"left");
  }
  else if  (x >= right) {
    strcat(xpos,"right");
  }
  else {
    strcat(xpos,"unknown");
  }

  if (abs(y-centreXY[1]) < tolerance) {
    strcat(ypos,"centre");
  }
  else if (y <= top) {
    strcat(ypos,"top");
  }
  else if (y >= bottom) {
    strcat(ypos,"bottom");
  }  
  else {
    strcat(ypos,"unknown");  
  }

  Serial.print("x: ");
  Serial.print(xpos);
  Serial.print("\ty: ");
  Serial.print(ypos);
}

// see if the joystick has moved outside the set tolerance
boolean axisChange(int x, int y) {

  // abs always returns a positive number, even when the result is negative
  if (abs(x-lastX) > tolerance) {
    return true;  
  }

  if (abs(y-lastY) > tolerance) {
    return true;  
  }
  return false;
}


void setup() {

  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("ready");

  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

  // get the centre values of the slider. 
  // the centre position may drift in use
  centreXY[0] = map(analogRead(XAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);
  centreXY[1] = map(analogRead(YAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);  
}

void loop() {

  xVal = map(analogRead(XAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);
  yVal = map(analogRead(YAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);

  if (axisChange(xVal, yVal) == true) {
    digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

    Serial.print("X: ");
    Serial.print(xVal);
    Serial.print("\tY: ");
    Serial.print(yVal);
    Serial.print("\t");
    axisPosition(xVal, yVal);
    Serial.println(" ");

    lastX=xVal;
    lastY=yVal;

    delay(30);
    digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
  }
  delay(100);
}

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#define XAXIS A0

#define YAXIS A1

#define MONITOR_LED 13

int xVal=0;

int yVal=0;

int lastX = 0;

int lastY = 0;

const int tolerance = 4;

int centreXY[2] = {0,0}; // x,y

// highest reading on an analog pin is 1023, but the resistors in the thumb slider

// limit this to around 900

const int maxVal = 900;

// set this too low and detecting diagonals is difficult, too high and detecting

// the centre position becomes difficult

const int maxRange = 50;

// output the joystick position, left, right, etc to the serial port

void axisPosition(int x, int y) {

char xpos[7] = "";

char ypos[7] = "";

// calculate how far the joystick has to be moved

// before the direction is established

int left = centreXY[0] - (tolerance-1); // x

int right = centreXY[0] + (tolerance+1); // x

int top = centreXY[1] - (tolerance-1); // y

int bottom = centreXY[1] + (tolerance+1); // y

if (abs(x-centreXY[0]) < tolerance) {

strcat(xpos,"centre");

}

else if (x <= left) {

strcat(xpos,"left");

}

else if (x >= right) {

strcat(xpos,"right");

}

else {

strcat(xpos,"unknown");

}

if (abs(y-centreXY[1]) < tolerance) {

strcat(ypos,"centre");

}

else if (y <= top) {

strcat(ypos,"top");

}

else if (y >= bottom) {

strcat(ypos,"bottom");

}

else {

strcat(ypos,"unknown");

}

Serial.print("x: ");

Serial.print(xpos);

Serial.print("\ty: ");

Serial.print(ypos);

}

// see if the joystick has moved outside the set tolerance

boolean axisChange(int x, int y) {

// abs always returns a positive number, even when the result is negative

if (abs(x-lastX) > tolerance) {

return true;

}

if (abs(y-lastY) > tolerance) {

return true;

}

return false;

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

// get the centre values of the slider.

// the centre position may drift in use

centreXY[0] = map(analogRead(XAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);

centreXY[1] = map(analogRead(YAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);

}

void loop() {

xVal = map(analogRead(XAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);

yVal = map(analogRead(YAXIS), 0,maxVal, 0,maxRange);

if (axisChange(xVal, yVal) == true) {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

Serial.print("X: ");

Serial.print(xVal);

Serial.print("\tY: ");

Serial.print(yVal);

Serial.print("\t");

axisPosition(xVal, yVal);

Serial.println(" ");

lastX=xVal;

lastY=yVal;

delay(30);

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

delay(100);

}

Hacking a Vacuum Fluorescent Display

29th April 2016 Karl 4 Comments

I’ve had this Vacuum Fluorescent Display – VFD recovered from a broken DVD player in the bits box for quite a while. I shall turn it into a clock and have it display the date at the press of a button, it will also set its time using the internet and the Network Time Protocol over a WiFi connection, I’ll be using a Teensy 3.1 Ardunio compatible micro-controller as this is compact and with the addition of a crystal and button battery has a clock built in.

This project is a complete replacement of the logic and driver that came in the DVD player, I have also used general electronic components as these are what I have available: 74HC595 8-Bit Shift Registers, ULN2803A Darlington Arrays and PNP transistors, rather than dedicated VFD driver chips, such as the MAX6920AWP+, Philips NE594N or the TI SN75518N available from eBay. If I were undertaking this again I would use a dedicated driver.

How A Vacuum Fluorescent Display Works

The VFD is made up of three layers, starting at the back these are:

The Anodes – these are elements of your display that illuminate
The Grid – to control a block of Anode elements
The Cathode – also referred to as Filaments or the Heater

A VFD showing the white Anode elements with a row of three illuminated, next are the honeycomb lattice grids and the five Cathode filament wires on top.

“The filament is heated, which causes it to release electrons, a process called thermionic emission. Since electrons are negatively charged, if there is a nearby piece of metal with a electrical charge more positive then the electrons from the cathode, the electrons will be attracted to it, allowing a current to flow.

The grid is positioned between the Anode and Cathode. If the grid is driven more negative than the cathode, it repels the electron cloud, which prevents any current from flowing. Since the grid is not heated, it does not emit any electrons itself.

A VFD is basically triode, except the anode is coated with phosphor. Therefore, when the the anode is more positive then the cathode, the free electrons in the cathode’s electron cloud flow towards the anode, and in the process strike the phosphor, exciting it.” Connor Wolf on stackexchange.com

The display brightness is set by the difference in voltage between the Cathode and Anode. The Cathode filament should be set to a low voltage, no more than 4 volts as it is made from thin tungsten wires which can melt very easily. The Anode uses a higher voltage around 12 to 15 volts.

Multiplexing is used to display the output. Each grid controls a fixed number of elements, the element connections are common to each grid. For a clock you will need to loop between the grids selecting the correct elements to display before moving onto the next, the persistence of vision effect maintains an illusion of a complete display.

Further information

Connecting and testing your Vacuum Fluorescent Display

You will need to find the connections that your VFD uses as well as the best voltages to supply. Unless you are really lucky its unlikely you will find a datasheet for your display, so a little reverse engineering is required.

A selection of test hooks are very useful at this stage. You will also need two power supplies, one low voltage for the Cathode filament, I use 3.3 volts supplied from the Teensy/Arduino. For the gates and Anodes a variable DC supply you can adjust from 10 to 20 volts preferably with the current limited to 1mA, in some cases displays from older equipment will need a higher voltage, 50V and above. The ground on both your power supplies will need be connected together.

The flat VFD’s you see in consumer electronics, such as the DVD player, all have a similar layout. The two pairs of outer pins connect to the Cathode and the pins between these divide into two blocks one side will be for the grids and the other for the Anode elements.

First, establish that the pins you suspect are for the filament are indeed so, with your multimeter in continuity (beep) mode you should see a connection when you probe across these pins. Connect your 3.3v supply to these pins, it doesn’t matter which way round.

6N2A4212 — VFD Element being illuminated, with 3.3V across the Cathode filaments (red and black connections). with the first grid on the white connection, and third from last element connected to the green.

The following connections should be made:

3.3 volts across the Cathode filaments (the red and black, above).
Ground on the 3.3 volts is shared with the power supply.
Two probes connected to the positive on the power supply for connecting to one of the Grids and one for connecting to a Cathode (white and green).

Next, set your variable power supply to its lower setting and with your positive power supply probes attach one probe to a Grid pin, and the other to an Anode element, on my display I started with a pin furthest left and another furthest right, see if anything lights up, at a low voltage this will be rather dim. If an element has lit up has then increase the voltage until the brightness is what you would expect. If nothing lights then first check you have connected a grid and an element not two grids or two elements by choosing different pins. Or if you are reasonably sure then carefully increase the voltage.

When you are driving the display as a clock, the multiplexing will make each element appear dimmer I increased the display voltage to 15 volts to fix that.

Now you can map out the grids and elements, on mine, there are eleven grids the first and last grids are for special characters and the rest contain digits. With a Grid connected, go through each element and make notes, each element will have the same connection on each grid, so all the digit elements and special characters/icons have the same pins.

VFD pin numbers for the digits — VFD pin number mapping for the digits

Driving the Display

While the Cathode filaments are permanently on at 3.3V the 12V grid and Anodes require some kind of high voltage level shifter to have the 5V logic output from the Ardunio (or 3.3V logic on the Teensy) switch the 12V required at the display. The method I have used for switching is a NPN, PNP complimentary (Sziklai pair) output.

The NPN transistor is the switch controlled by the Ardunio this in turn switches the PNP transistor, the NPN transistor is being used to isolate the Ardunio from the high voltage required for the display. As the current being drawn is very low we only need small signal transistors NPN: BC549 and for the PNP: BC556.

For the PNP transistor to switch off the Base voltage needs to be close to that of the Emitter, as the Ardunio’s 5V logic is nowhere near the 12V used a NPN stage is added so when the Base of the NPN is on this pulls the Base of the PNP low and allows current to flow to the display. There are three resistors, R1 100K limits the current to the base of the NPN transistor to protect the transistor and Adrduino, R2 10K is biasing the output, working as the bottom half of a voltage divider, and R3 10K is both the top half of the voltage divider and pulls the PNP Base high keeping it off when not required.

Transistors as switches, further reading:

To reduce the component count and size of the project I have replaced the NPN transistors and the resistors R1 and R2 with ULN2803A Darlington transistor array, however the PNP transistor remains as the display requires a sinking output to provide a grounded connection to the load through the cathode.

Two of the four drivers, with, from the top, the Registers, Darlington Arrays, and PNP transistors — Two of the four drivers, the other two are underneath. with the Registers, Darlington Arrays, and PNP transistors.

Connecting to the Arduino

The next stage is to connect the 32 pin display to the Arduino. Obviously the micro-controller does not have enough I/O for this, so instead I have used four easy to use 74HC595 8-Bit Shift Registers with only a data, clock and latch to set up, they can be used to extend the number of output pins on the Arduino.

74hc595_serial_schem — 74HC595 Serial Connections (click to enlarge)

I have used the ShiftOutX library for my clock, but it helps to look at the Ardunio’s ShiftOut tutorial to see how they work.

Power

To power this Digital Clock I am using a mains to 12V DC brick from some old electronics equipment, I then use a Buck power supply to provide a 5 volt supply for the Teensy and electronics, and for the display a Boost supply to bump the 12V to 15V, search for XL6009 Module on ebay, check that it has the XL6009 rather than the older LM2577 and set the output voltage before connecting the display.

The Driver Circuit

Here is a quarter of the driver circuitry, for the 32 pin display I made four of these. You can see that there is an extra transistor, as the Darlington Array has seven inputs/outputs and also note that on the 74HC595 8-Bit Shift Register the Ardunio data pin connects to DS (pin 14) and the next register in series connects to to Q7S (pin 9) of the previous register.

Software

This demonstration uses the ShiftOutX library. It loops through each grid and each element within that grid, it does not use multiplexing.

#include    // http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/ShiftOutX (version 1.0)
#include 

#define VFD_CLOCK 18
#define VFD_LATCH 17
#define VFD_DATA  16
#define MONITOR_LED 13

shiftOutX regOne(VFD_LATCH, VFD_DATA, VFD_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, 4);

// these contain the 0's and 1's used by the registers to indicate LOW or HIGH.
// after setup VFDblank is copied to VFDout, VFDout is modified, only the required
// 74HC595 register pins are set high.
char VFDout[33];
char VFDblank[33];

// stick the ShiftPins used by ShiftOutX into an array that matches the four 74HC595 registers
static const uint32_t shPins[32] = {
  shPin1,   shPin2,  shPin3,  shPin4,  shPin5,  shPin6,  shPin7,  shPin8,
  shPin9,  shPin10, shPin11, shPin12, shPin13, shPin14, shPin15, shPin16,
  shPin17, shPin18, shPin19, shPin20, shPin21, shPin22, shPin23, shPin24,
  shPin25, shPin26, shPin27, shPin28, shPin29, shPin30, shPin31, shPin32
};

// as the display pins are not in the same numeric order as the 74HC595 registers 
// this maps the pins on the VFD display to the bits used by the registers.
// The display pins are the array index, ignore the first element in the array (VFDlookup[0])
//  x  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
//  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32
//   | chip 1                | chip 4                | chip 2                | chip 3
static const int VFDlookup[33] = {
    0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23
};

// turns the 74HC595 register outputs on or off as required
void outputToVFD() {

  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
    if (VFDout[i] == '1') {
      Serial.print("1");
      regOne.pinOn(shPins[i]);
    }
    else {
      Serial.print("0");
      regOne.pinOff(shPins[i]);
    }
  }
}


void setup() {

  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);

  Serial.println("ready");

  pinMode(VFD_CLOCK, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(VFD_LATCH, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(VFD_DATA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

  regOne.allOff();
  delay(1000);

  // setup VFDblank with zeros
  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
    VFDblank[i] = '0';
  }
  VFDblank[33] = '\0';

  digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
  
}

void loop() {

  for (int grids = 0; grids < 12; grids++) {
    strcpy(VFDout, VFDblank);
    VFDout[VFDlookup[grids]] = '1';

    if (grids % 2 == 0) {
      digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);
    }
    else {
      digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);
    }

    for (int element = 12; element <= 32; element++) {
      VFDout[VFDlookup[element]] = '1';

      Serial.print(element);
      Serial.print("\t");
      Serial.print(VFDlookup[element]);
      Serial.print("\t");
      outputToVFD();
      Serial.println(" ");
      delay(100);
    }
    Serial.println(" ");
  }

}

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#include // http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/ShiftOutX (version 1.0)

#include

#define VFD_CLOCK 18

#define VFD_LATCH 17

#define VFD_DATA 16

#define MONITOR_LED 13

shiftOutX regOne(VFD_LATCH, VFD_DATA, VFD_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, 4);

// these contain the 0's and 1's used by the registers to indicate LOW or HIGH.

// after setup VFDblank is copied to VFDout, VFDout is modified, only the required

// 74HC595 register pins are set high.

char VFDout[33];

char VFDblank[33];

// stick the ShiftPins used by ShiftOutX into an array that matches the four 74HC595 registers

static const uint32_t shPins[32] = {

shPin1, shPin2, shPin3, shPin4, shPin5, shPin6, shPin7, shPin8,

shPin9, shPin10, shPin11, shPin12, shPin13, shPin14, shPin15, shPin16,

shPin17, shPin18, shPin19, shPin20, shPin21, shPin22, shPin23, shPin24,

shPin25, shPin26, shPin27, shPin28, shPin29, shPin30, shPin31, shPin32

};

// as the display pins are not in the same numeric order as the 74HC595 registers

// this maps the pins on the VFD display to the bits used by the registers.

// The display pins are the array index, ignore the first element in the array (VFDlookup[0])

// x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

// 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32

// | chip 1 | chip 4 | chip 2 | chip 3

static const int VFDlookup[33] = {

0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23

};

// turns the 74HC595 register outputs on or off as required

void outputToVFD() {

for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

if (VFDout[i] == '1') {

Serial.print("1");

regOne.pinOn(shPins[i]);

}

else {

Serial.print("0");

regOne.pinOff(shPins[i]);

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

pinMode(VFD_CLOCK, OUTPUT);

pinMode(VFD_LATCH, OUTPUT);

pinMode(VFD_DATA, OUTPUT);

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

regOne.allOff();

delay(1000);

// setup VFDblank with zeros

for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

VFDblank[i] = '0';

}

VFDblank[33] = '\0';

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

void loop() {

for (int grids = 0; grids < 12; grids++) {

strcpy(VFDout, VFDblank);

VFDout[VFDlookup[grids]] = '1';

if (grids % 2 == 0) {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

else {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

}

for (int element = 12; element <= 32; element++) {

VFDout[VFDlookup[element]] = '1';

Serial.print(element);

Serial.print("\t");

Serial.print(VFDlookup[element]);

Serial.print("\t");

outputToVFD();

Serial.println(" ");

delay(100);

}

Serial.println(" ");

}

This second demonstration counts from 0 to 9999, with the digits right aligned on the display, it uses multiplexing and the display will appear dimmer than before:

#include    // http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/ShiftOutX (version 1.0)
#include 

#define VFD_CLOCK 18
#define VFD_LATCH 17
#define VFD_DATA  16
#define MONITOR_LED 13

shiftOutX regOne(VFD_LATCH, VFD_DATA, VFD_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, 4);

// these contain the 0's and 1's used by the registers to indicate LOW or HIGH.
// after setup VFDblank is copied to VFDout, VFDout is modified, only the required
// 74HC595 register pins are set high.
char VFDout[33];
char VFDblank[33];

char VFDgrids[11][33];
unsigned long previousMillis = 0;
unsigned long millisPause = 500;   // update the number every 500 millis
int number = 0;
int maxNumber = 9999;
int previousNumber = 1;

// stick the ShiftPins used by ShiftOutX into an array that matches the four 74HC595 registers
static const uint32_t shPins[32] = {
  shPin1,   shPin2,  shPin3,  shPin4,  shPin5,  shPin6,  shPin7,  shPin8,
  shPin9,  shPin10, shPin11, shPin12, shPin13, shPin14, shPin15, shPin16,
  shPin17, shPin18, shPin19, shPin20, shPin21, shPin22, shPin23, shPin24,
  shPin25, shPin26, shPin27, shPin28, shPin29, shPin30, shPin31, shPin32
};

// as the display pins are not in the same numeric order as the 74HC595 registers 
// this maps the pins on the VFD display to the bits used by the registers.
// The display pins are the array index, ignore the first element in the array (VFDlookup[0])
//  x  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
//  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32
//   | chip 1                | chip 4                | chip 2                | chip 3
static const int VFDlookup[33] = {
    0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23
};

// pins on the display used for the grid: VFDgridPos and the digits: VFDdigitPos
static const int VFDgridPos[11] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11 };                 // pins on the display
static const int VFDdigitPos[17] = {15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30};  // pins on the display

// not really needed for 0 - 9, but used when extending the display to use the alphabet 
static const char VFDdigitsLookup[10] {
  '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
};

//  VFDdigits - which elements need to be illuminated to display the chosen number
//      pins on the display              array index position 
//         29      28                         15     14
//       ------- -------                   ------- -------
//   30 |  \  26|    /  | 24           16 |  \  12|    /  | 10
//      | 27\   |   /25 |                 | 13\   |   /11 |
//      |    \  |  /    |                 |    \  |  /    |
//   22  ------- -------  23            8  ------- -------  9
//      |    /  |  \    |                 |    /  |  \    |
//      | 20/   |   \18 |                 | 6 /   |   \4  |
//   21 |  /  19|    \  | 17            7 |  /   5|    \  | 3
//       ------- -------                   ------- -------   
//         16      15                         2        1
//
//   1234567890123456
static const char VFDdigits[10][17] = {
    "1110001001000111",  // 0
    "0010000001000000",  // 1
    "1100001111000110",  // 2
    "1110000111000110",  // 3
    "0010000111000001",  // 4
    "1110000110000111",  // 5
    "1110001110000111",  // 6
    "0010000001000110",  // 7
    "1110001111000111",  // 8
    "0010000111000111",  // 9
};

// turns the 74HC595 register outputs on or off as required
void outputToVFD() {

  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
    if (VFDout[i] == '1') {
      regOne.pinOn(shPins[i]);
    }
    else {
      regOne.pinOff(shPins[i]);
    }
  }
}

// find all the 1's in VFDdigits[digit] string and update VFDout
// use VFDlookup to place the display pin into the correct position 
// for the registers
void insertDigit(int d) {

  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { 
    if (VFDdigits[d][i] == '1') { 
       int p = VFDlookup[VFDdigitPos[i]]; 
       VFDout[p] = '1'; 
       } 
    } 
} 

// the number is split in to its individual digits, then starting with the right most 
// digit shown on the display in a right aligned format with leading zeos 
void VFDshowDigits(int number) { 
   int gridPos = 9; 

   // output some info to serial once every number 
   boolean showNumber = false; 
   if (number != previousNumber) { 
      showNumber = true; 
      Serial.print(number); 
      previousNumber = number; 
   } 

   //extract the last digit using modulus and division
   //loop through the digits in the number
   for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    int digit = number % 10;
    number = number / 10;

    strcpy(VFDout, VFDgrids[gridPos]);  // get a blank record for the chosen grid

    insertDigit(digit);                 // update VFDout with the VFDdigits data

    if (showNumber == true) {
        Serial.print("\t");
        Serial.print(digit);
        Serial.print(" : ");
        Serial.println(VFDout);
    }

    outputToVFD();                      // display the digit
    
    delayMicroseconds(2000);
    strcpy(VFDout, VFDgrids[gridPos]);  // blank the grid to reduce ghosting
    outputToVFD();

    gridPos--;
  }
  if (showNumber == true) {
    Serial.println(" ");
  }
}

void setup() {

  delay(1000);
  Serial.begin(9600);

  Serial.println("ready");

  pinMode(VFD_CLOCK, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(VFD_LATCH, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(VFD_DATA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

  regOne.allOff();
  delay(1000);

  // setup VFDblank with zeros
  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
    VFDblank[i] = '0';
  }
  VFDblank[33] = '\0';

  // setup the VFDgrids array to contain the grid positions
  for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) { 
    strcpy(VFDgrids[i], VFDblank); 
    int gridPos = VFDlookup[VFDgridPos[i]]; 
    VFDgrids[i][gridPos] = '1'; 
  } 

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW); 
} 

void loop() { 

  VFDshowDigits(number); 

  if (millis() - previousMillis > millisPause) {
    Serial.println(number);
    number++;
    previousMillis = millis();
  }
 
  if (number > maxNumber) { 
    number = 0; 
  }

  if (number % 2 == 0) {
    digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);  
  }
  else {
    digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);
  }


  
}

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#include // http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/ShiftOutX (version 1.0)

#include

#define VFD_CLOCK 18

#define VFD_LATCH 17

#define VFD_DATA 16

#define MONITOR_LED 13

shiftOutX regOne(VFD_LATCH, VFD_DATA, VFD_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, 4);

// these contain the 0's and 1's used by the registers to indicate LOW or HIGH.

// after setup VFDblank is copied to VFDout, VFDout is modified, only the required

// 74HC595 register pins are set high.

char VFDout[33];

char VFDblank[33];

char VFDgrids[11][33];

unsigned long previousMillis = 0;

unsigned long millisPause = 500; // update the number every 500 millis

int number = 0;

int maxNumber = 9999;

int previousNumber = 1;

// stick the ShiftPins used by ShiftOutX into an array that matches the four 74HC595 registers

static const uint32_t shPins[32] = {

shPin1, shPin2, shPin3, shPin4, shPin5, shPin6, shPin7, shPin8,

shPin9, shPin10, shPin11, shPin12, shPin13, shPin14, shPin15, shPin16,

shPin17, shPin18, shPin19, shPin20, shPin21, shPin22, shPin23, shPin24,

shPin25, shPin26, shPin27, shPin28, shPin29, shPin30, shPin31, shPin32

};

// as the display pins are not in the same numeric order as the 74HC595 registers

// this maps the pins on the VFD display to the bits used by the registers.

// The display pins are the array index, ignore the first element in the array (VFDlookup[0])

// x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

// 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32

// | chip 1 | chip 4 | chip 2 | chip 3

static const int VFDlookup[33] = {

0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23

};

// pins on the display used for the grid: VFDgridPos and the digits: VFDdigitPos

static const int VFDgridPos[11] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11 }; // pins on the display

static const int VFDdigitPos[17] = {15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30}; // pins on the display

// not really needed for 0 - 9, but used when extending the display to use the alphabet

static const char VFDdigitsLookup[10] {

'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'

};

// VFDdigits - which elements need to be illuminated to display the chosen number

// pins on the display array index position

// 29 28 15 14

// ------- ------- ------- -------

// 30 | \ 26| / | 24 16 | \ 12| / | 10

// | 27\ | /25 | | 13\ | /11 |

// | \ | / | | \ | / |

// 22 ------- ------- 23 8 ------- ------- 9

// | / | \ | | / | \ |

// | 20/ | \18 | | 6 / | \4 |

// 21 | / 19| \ | 17 7 | / 5| \ | 3

// ------- ------- ------- -------

// 16 15 2 1

// 1234567890123456

static const char VFDdigits[10][17] = {

"1110001001000111", // 0

"0010000001000000", // 1

"1100001111000110", // 2

"1110000111000110", // 3

"0010000111000001", // 4

"1110000110000111", // 5

"1110001110000111", // 6

"0010000001000110", // 7

"1110001111000111", // 8

"0010000111000111", // 9

};

// turns the 74HC595 register outputs on or off as required

void outputToVFD() {

for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

if (VFDout[i] == '1') {

regOne.pinOn(shPins[i]);

}

else {

regOne.pinOff(shPins[i]);

}

// find all the 1's in VFDdigits[digit] string and update VFDout

// use VFDlookup to place the display pin into the correct position

// for the registers

void insertDigit(int d) {

for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {

if (VFDdigits[d][i] == '1') {

int p = VFDlookup[VFDdigitPos[i]];

VFDout[p] = '1';

}

// the number is split in to its individual digits, then starting with the right most

// digit shown on the display in a right aligned format with leading zeos

void VFDshowDigits(int number) {

int gridPos = 9;

// output some info to serial once every number

boolean showNumber = false;

if (number != previousNumber) {

showNumber = true;

Serial.print(number);

previousNumber = number;

}

//extract the last digit using modulus and division

//loop through the digits in the number

for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

int digit = number % 10;

number = number / 10;

strcpy(VFDout, VFDgrids[gridPos]); // get a blank record for the chosen grid

insertDigit(digit); // update VFDout with the VFDdigits data

if (showNumber == true) {

Serial.print("\t");

Serial.print(digit);

Serial.print(" : ");

Serial.println(VFDout);

}

outputToVFD(); // display the digit

delayMicroseconds(2000);

strcpy(VFDout, VFDgrids[gridPos]); // blank the grid to reduce ghosting

outputToVFD();

gridPos--;

}

if (showNumber == true) {

Serial.println(" ");

}

void setup() {

delay(1000);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("ready");

pinMode(VFD_CLOCK, OUTPUT);

pinMode(VFD_LATCH, OUTPUT);

pinMode(VFD_DATA, OUTPUT);

pinMode(MONITOR_LED, OUTPUT);

regOne.allOff();

delay(1000);

// setup VFDblank with zeros

for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

VFDblank[i] = '0';

}

VFDblank[33] = '\0';

// setup the VFDgrids array to contain the grid positions

for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) {

strcpy(VFDgrids[i], VFDblank);

int gridPos = VFDlookup[VFDgridPos[i]];

VFDgrids[i][gridPos] = '1';

}

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

void loop() {

VFDshowDigits(number);

if (millis() - previousMillis > millisPause) {

Serial.println(number);

number++;

previousMillis = millis();

}

if (number > maxNumber) {

number = 0;

}

if (number % 2 == 0) {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, LOW);

}

else {

digitalWrite(MONITOR_LED, HIGH);

}

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