Category Archives: Computer

Setting up SSH in VS Code to connect to a Raspberry Pi

26th April 2022 Karl

There have been a lot of posts written about how to connect from Visual Studio Code (VS Code) on a Windows PC to a Raspberry PI over SSH using public/private keys avoiding the need to use a password. This is another one, and I aim to be fairly terse.

The PC is running Windows 11, the Raspberry Pi is running the latest version of Raspberry Pi OS – Debian Bullseye. Note that <username> is a placeholder for your own username, the greater than symbol: > represents a Windows PowerShell prompt and the dollar sign: $ is a Linux Bash prompt.

Setup The PI

SSH needs enabling on the PI and an ~/.ssh directory needs creating in your users home directory.

On the Pi, in the terminal enable SSH with: sudo raspi-config then select 3 Interface Options > I2 SSH and choose Yes – Enable. Now create the directory where your keys will be kept: mkdir ~/.ssh

It is also useful to find the IP address of your PI with: hostname -I Mine is 192.168.2.45 and I shall being using this in the examples.

You should now be able to login to the Pi from the Windows PC, open Windows Terminal or PowerShell and use ssh <username>@192.168.2.45 answer yes to add it to the known hosts file and it will ask for your PI’s password. If your Windows username is the same as that on the PI you can login with ssh 192.168.2.45.

Setup Windows for SSH

This stage installs the SSH client on the PC, creates a keypair and copied the public key to the PI.

The OpenSSH client can be installed using Windows Settings on Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 and above devices.

Open Settings, select Apps > Apps & Features, then select Optional Features.
Scan the list to see if the OpenSSH is already installed. If not, at the top of the page, select Add a feature, then:
Find OpenSSH Client, then click Install

A full description is given on Microsofts Get started with OpenSSH page.

On the Windows PC, in your PowerShell create the directory for your keys if it doesn’t exist already mkdir ~/.ssh and then change into it cd ~/.ssh generate a keypair and add it to the ssh-agent:

> ssh-keygen -t ed25519
Generating public/private ed25519 key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519.
Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:YCETnl4GmmYSokjE+vE5UaJ1/nzXB1tboE730sxkujw <username>@<computer>
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ED25519 256]--+
|=o  =..          |
|=o +o=o.      .  |
|= =oo==      . . |
|.+o..+..    o o =|
| . o.o oS  o o %o|
|  . +   o . o =.*|
|     .   . . . + |
|              E  |
|               . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
PS C:\Users\<username>\.ssh> ssh-add ~\.ssh\id_ed25519

> ssh-keygen -t ed25519

Generating public/private ed25519 key pair.

Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519):

Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):

Enter same passphrase again:

Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519.

Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub.

The key fingerprint is:

SHA256:YCETnl4GmmYSokjE+vE5UaJ1/nzXB1tboE730sxkujw <username>@<computer>

The key's randomart image is:

+--[ED25519 256]--+

|=o =.. |

|=o +o=o. . |

|= =oo== . . |

|.+o..+.. o o =|

| . o.o oS o o %o|

| . + o . o =.*|

| . . . . + |

| E |

| . |

+----[SHA256]-----+

PS C:\Users\<username>\.ssh> ssh-add ~\.ssh\id_ed25519

We now need to copy the public key to the PI:

> scp ~\.ssh\id_ed25519.pub <username>@192.168.2.45:~/.ssh/

1	> scp ~\.ssh\id_ed25519.pub <username>@192.168.2.45:~/.ssh/

And on the PI we need to add that public key to the authorized keys, connect into the PI ssh <username>@192.168.2.45 and:

$ cd ~/.ssh
$ touch authorized_keys
$ cat id_ed25519.pub >> authorized_keys
$ chmod 600 authorized_keys
$ rm id_ed25519.pub

$ cd ~/.ssh

$ touch authorized_keys

$ cat id_ed25519.pub >> authorized_keys

$ chmod 600 authorized_keys

$ rm id_ed25519.pub

the commands, touch creates a blank file if it doesn’t exist, cat appends the pub file to authorized_keys, making sure that any existing keys are preserved permissions are set with chmod and finally the pub file is deleted.

Setup VS Code

Load up VS Code and add the Remote – SSH and Remote SSH: Editing Configuration Files extensions, once restarted you will see a >< icon in the bottom left-hand corner with a green background, click that and select Edit SSH Configuration file…, choose the one in your home directory C:\Users\<username>\.ssh\config and add the following:

Host piComputer_192.168.2.45
  HostName 192.168.2.45
  User <username>
  ForwardAgent yes
  IdentityFile C:/Users/<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519

Host piComputer_192.168.2.45

HostName 192.168.2.45

User <username>

ForwardAgent yes

IdentityFile C:/Users/<username>/.ssh/id_ed25519

The Host “piComputer_192.168.2.45” is the friendly name displayed within VS Code for when you are choosing it from lists, the User id your user on the PI. Save the config file when complete.

You should now be able to connect to the PI. Click the >< icon in the bottom left-hand corner, and choose Connect To Host… A popup saying Setting Up… should appear, it may ask if the host is Linux or Windows, choose Linux, and within a few seconds it’ll be connected and ready. From within VS Code you can open a Bash Terminal – Ctrl+Shift+’

If it asks for a password, you may have missed a stage, or copied the private key to the PI instead of the public one.

Links and Sources

Computer

Debian Linux Post Install Notes

21st December 2021 Karl

I have just installed a new Debian Linux server, this will be running mainly as a web server without a GUI and console access will be via an SSH login, some knowledge of using Linux is assumed as these notes are intended as a prompt or overview of things to do to as part of a Linux server installation.

I am using Debian version 11.2 – Bullseye, the current version at time of writing, but these notes should work with any distribution that uses the apt package manager like Ubuntu. The ISO image used for installation came from https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/ and I have used the Xfce install: debian-live-11.2.0-amd64-xfce.iso (2.4G download). A guide for installing the Debian image can be found on this TecAdmin page.

At the Console

Your computer is now inviting you to login, do so with your local user and once the default desktop has been created open a terminal window to complete the following; switch to the root user and add your local user to the sudoers group:

$ su
<root password>
# /sbin/usermod -aG sudo <username>

$ su

# /sbin/usermod -aG sudo <username>

Now logout and back in, this updates your user account settings, and go back to the terminal to update the system, install ssh access and a couple of useful tools, and finally set the computer to boot to console rather than the GUI:

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
$ sudo apt install openssh-server wget curl
$ sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target

$ sudo apt update

$ sudo apt upgrade

$ sudo apt install openssh-server wget curl

$ sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target

If you have installed into a virtual machine now is a good time to install the guest client, links to popular VM’s:

VMware: https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/1018414
Oracle Vbox: https://linoxide.com/how-to-install-virtualbox-gue…
Synology Virtual Machine Manager: https://kb.synology.com/en-uk/DSM/tutorial/How_to_install_Synology…. (at the bottom of the page)

$ sudo apt install qemu-guest-agent

Finding your IP address is useful:

$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 02:11:32:23:83:6c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp0s3
    inet 192.168.1.20/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens3
       valid_lft 86253sec preferred_lft 86253sec
    inet6 fe80::11:32ff:fe23:836c/64 scope link noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

$ ip a

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 02:11:32:23:83:6c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

altname enp0s3

inet 192.168.1.20/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens3

valid_lft 86253sec preferred_lft 86253sec

inet6 fe80::11:32ff:fe23:836c/64 scope link noprefixroute

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

In this instance it is 192.168.1.20. For a server I would normally fix the IP address in my router as a Reserved Address using the MAC (in this case: 02:11:32:23:83:6c).

Removing libreoffice clears a useful amount of diskspace:

$ sudo apt remove libreoffice*
$ sudo apt autoremove

1 2	$ sudo apt remove libreoffice* $ sudo apt autoremove

Restart with $ sudo reboot You can now login via SSH from your other computer or continue at the console.

Installing the LAMP service – MySql, Apache and PHP

Start with MySql (MariaDB being the open source version), installing, configuring and starting:

$ sudo apt install mariadb-server
$ sudo mysql_secure_installation
$ sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service
$ sudo systemctl start mariadb.service

$ sudo apt install mariadb-server

$ sudo mysql_secure_installation

$ sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service

$ sudo systemctl start mariadb.service

For the secure installation, use the defaults and set the password when prompted. Next is Apache and PHP:

$ sudo apt install apache2 php libapache2-mod-php php-gd php-mysql php-mbstring php-xml
$ sudo systemctl enable apache2.service
$ sudo systemctl start apache2.service

$ sudo apt install apache2 php libapache2-mod-php php-gd php-mysql php-mbstring php-xml

$ sudo systemctl enable apache2.service

$ sudo systemctl start apache2.service

Point your web browser to the server address, in my case: http://192.168.1.20, and you should see the default Apache page. The web pages are in /var/www I normally add a symbolic link and change permissions on the html directory so I can add files easily:

$ cd ~
$ ln -s /var/www www
$ cd www
$ sudo chown -R <username>:www-data html/

$ cd ~

$ ln -s /var/www www

$ cd www

$ sudo chown -R <username>:www-data html/

Accessing a Network Drive

I want to be able to access some network drives from this server, these are setup as Windows (SMB) file shares.

$ sudo apt install cifs-utils
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/nwData

1 2	$ sudo apt install cifs-utils $ sudo mkdir /mnt/nwData

create a file with your file share username and password, this should go into /etc, I normally call the file the name of the server I want to connect to, and set permissions so it is only readable by root:

$ sudo nano /etc/<servername>
USERNAME=<username> 
PASSWORD=<password> 
$ sudo chmod 500 /etc/<servername>

$ sudo nano /etc/<servername>

USERNAME=<username>

PASSWORD=<password>

$ sudo chmod 500 /etc/<servername>

And add the connection to the end of your /etc/fstab file, and mount the drives:

$ sudo nano /etc/fstab
//192.168.1.101/BigFileStore /mnt/nwData cifs credentials=/etc/<servername>,iocharset=utf8,uid=<username> 0 0
$ sudo mount -a

$ sudo nano /etc/fstab

//192.168.1.101/BigFileStore /mnt/nwData cifs credentials=/etc/<servername>,iocharset=utf8,uid=<username> 0 0

$ sudo mount -a

Check that it mounted with $ df -h. The file share will also automatically mount at boot.

Other Useful Things

Installing a downloaded .deb file with dependencies, in this case for the no longer manufactured Logitech Media Server:

$ cd ~/Downloads/
$ wget https://downloads.slimdevices.com/nightly/8.3/lms/3ee0cb0f42370ae36c97654ff151a0bb08f117a9/logitechmediaserver_8.3.0~1640066892_amd64.deb
$ sudo apt install ./logitechmediaserver_8.3.0~1640066892_amd64.deb
$ sudo systemctl enable logitechmediaserver.service
$ sudo systemctl start logitechmediaserver.service

$ cd ~/Downloads/

$ wget https://downloads.slimdevices.com/nightly/8.3/lms/3ee0cb0f42370ae36c97654ff151a0bb08f117a9/logitechmediaserver_8.3.0~1640066892_amd64.deb

$ sudo apt install ./logitechmediaserver_8.3.0~1640066892_amd64.deb

$ sudo systemctl enable logitechmediaserver.service

$ sudo systemctl start logitechmediaserver.service

Links and Sources

More details on Installing LAMP
Setup Samba Server on Debian 10
Visual Studio Code: Remote Development using SSH
Installing Node JS on Debian 11
phpMyAdmin – a web frontend for MySql

Computer, Hardware, Interesting

Setting up a Cisco SPA122 for use with UK Telephones

28th September 2021 Karl

This is more of a nostalgia trip / messing about thing rather than a serious use of Voice over IP (VoIP). The Cisco SPA122 ATA with Router (Analog Telephone Adapter) is a small box that allows old analog phones to be connected to a VoIP network. At the time of writing Cisco no longer manufactures these and they are currently in an end of life plan.

I am setting this up to use two handsets that can be used to call each other through the SPA122. I don’t have a VoIP service here and don’t have need for one. Later, I will be setting up a couple of modems and using them for a dialup connection, in this part I will be going through the setup and configuration of the SPA122.

You will need:

An SPA122 – I got mine from eBay, check that you are purchasing a vanilla model, rather than one that has been configured by a carrier, be wary if it has any other logos printed on it as it may be locked to that carrier.
A 5V power supply, this must be capable of providing at least 2A.
Two telephones – I got these from the Charity Shop, get ones with tone dialing (DTMF), pulse dialing will not work – I’ve also found using better quality phones made in the early 2000’s work better than cheap new ones, I ended up with BT Decor 1100 and BT Decor 1200 phones.
Two adapters to convert the UK phone plug to RJ11 sockets on the SPA122. Search for “RJ11 to BT Socket” on eBay or Amazon, these are cheap.
A wired LAN connection to your network.
A computer, preferably with WiFi as well as a Wired Connection, I used a Raspberry Pi 4.

Default Settings

IP Address: 192.168.15.1 – with a computer plugged into the yellow ethernet port
Username: admin
Password: admin

Resetting the SPA122 and Gaining Access

With a network lead from your computer to the yellow ethernet port on the SPA122 open your web browser and try the address 192.168.1.15. You should now see the login screen, try the login details above.

That probably didn’t work. To reset to factory default settings use a paperclip on the rear panel reset button. With the unit powered on, use the end of a paperclip to press into the red hole marked RESET located on the bottom-left side of the back panel of the SPA122. Press and hold for at least a full 20 seconds and the Power LED will start to blink when the restore process begins, this will take around two minutes to complete. Now try logging in as admin again.

Once logged in, change the admin password to something else, if left at the default it will refuse to work.

If you are really unlucky the reset button may have been disabled in the firmware. At this stage I don’t know what to do if this has happened.

You can also configure the device by pressing the star button on your handset four times (****) but that way madness lies.

Upgrade the Firmware

At time of writing, the firmware version available from Cisco is Release 1.4.1 SR5. The update appears to be fixing a variety of security problems. You can find the current Firmware Version in Status > System Information.

Updating is straight forward. Download the file, and unzip it to extract the Payton_1.4.1_SR5_101419_1250_pfmwr.bin file, then in the SPA122 pages in your web browser go to Administration > Firmware Upgrade and follow the instructions. Everything here has been written for this version of the firmware.

Network Configuration

Even though in this case we won’t be using this as VoIP over the network, it still needs a network connection to operate.

In the Network Setup > Network Service set this to Bridge. This will allow a computer plugged into the yellow ethernet port to access / pass through to the blue Internet port which would be connected to your LAN.

Make a note of the SPA122’s WAN MAC Address, found in Status > System Settings, it may be useful for finding the box on your network when you make it available on your LAN in the next step.

Now to access the SPA122’s web pages from your LAN, go to Administration > Web Access Management and set Admin Access to Enable. Apply the changes and attach a cable from your LAN to the blue Internet port, you should now be able to login from any computer on your network. Your main router will have a list of attached devices, use the MAC address to help quickly find the designated IP address. The computer you were using to configure the ATA may need restarting to pick up an IP address from the LAN.

Although I have not tested this, with a handset attached to one of the phone ports dial * * * * and listen, if you can hear a slightly sinister automated voice saying “System Configuration Menu” then dial 1 1 0 # slowly, the key presses are read back to you, the device will then tell you its IP address 192.168.x.x.

Telephone Configuration

Now we are in the Voice section. At this stage listening on a handset just produces silence, or a quiet buzzing, like from a poor power supply. For setting up the ATA will need to be restarted several times. Go to Quick Setup and set the user and dial plan for each line. The dial plan describes how the call is to be handled, numbers can be blocked, routed to different ones, or in this case be routed to another port.

Line 1:
User ID: 101
Dial Plan:
(*xx|[3469]11|0|00|[2-9]xxxxxx|1xxx[2-9]xxxxxxS0|xxxxxxxxxxxx.|<018118055:101>S0<:@127.0.0.1:5061>|)

Line 2:
User ID: 100
Dial Plan:
(*xx|[3469]11|0|00|[2-9]xxxxxx|1xxx[2-9]xxxxxxS0|xxxxxxxxxxxx.|<018118055:100>S0<:@127.0.0.1:5060>|)

I have used 018118055 as the number, but you can set this to anything you like. Both phones are on the same number, but they behave separately so you can ring one from the other. If the phone has a caller ID display it will show the user ID, 100 or 101.

Click submit to save the changes, once restarted and logged back in, we now need to add a bit more detail, go to Voice > Line 1, and set the following:

Proxy and Registration:
Make Call Without Reg:	yes
Ans Call Without Reg:	yes
Audio Configuration:
Preferred Codec:	G729a
Second Preferred Codec:	G711u
All lines that start with FAX:	set to no or none as appropriate
Modem Line:	yes

The FAX settings are to do with using modems in the future. All other settings can be left at their defaults. Click submit to save the settings, this takes a few seconds, and once you have logged back in go to Voice > Line 2 and set the same settings as those you just set for Line 1.

You should now be able to make a call from one phone to the other, but the ring and dial tones will sound wrong as they are for those used in the USA.

Setting the Tones

Now we need to set the dial tones and ringer for those used in the UK, in Voice > Regional you can see there are quite a few options to be set, but here I will only be setting the ones most commonly used.

Call Progress Tones:
Dial Tone:	350@-19,440@-22;10(*/0/1+2)
Busy Tone:	400@-20;10(.375/.375/1)
Off Hook Warning Tone:	480@-10,620@-16,1400@0,2060@0,2450@0,2600@0;60(.2/0/1,.2/0/2);240(.1/.1/3+4+5+6)
Distinctive Ring/CWT Pattern Names:
Ring1 Cadence:	60(.4/.2,.4/2)
Ring2 Cadence:	60(1/2)
Ring3 Cadence:	60(.25/.25,.25/.25,.25/1.75)
Ring4 Cadence:	60(.4/.8)
Ring5 Cadence:	60(2/4)
Ring and Call Waiting Tone Spec:
Ring Waveform:	Trapezoid
Ring Frequency:	25
Ring Voltage:	60
Frequency:	400@-10
Miscellaneous:
FXS Port Impedance:	370+620\|\|310nF
FXS Port Input Gain:	0
Caller ID Method:	ETSI FSK With PR (UK)

My source for UK Regional Settings is below in the Links and Sources where you can find the complete list.

My Work Here is Done

Congratulations, you can now ring one telephone from another using the old fashioned technique of pushing buttons.

Next in this series will be setting up for modems, and involves using a Raspberry Pi as a router.

Links and Sources

UK Regional Settings: https://basichelp.sipgate.co.uk/hc/en-gb/articles/206289069-UK-Regional-Settings-Cisco-Linksys-Sipura-Adaptors-
Resetting the SPA112: https://www.ukvoipforums.com/viewtopic.php?t=38
Cisco Firmware Update: https://software.cisco.com/download/home/283998793/type/282463187/release/1.4.1%20SR5
Cisco EOL Notice: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/unified-communications/spa122-ata-router/model.html?dtid=osscdc000283
How [UK] Telephones work (line voltages) https://www.britishtelephones.com/howtele.htm
Cisco SPA100 Series quick start guide, with configuration using a phone https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/td/docs/voice_ip_comm/csbpvga/spa100-200/quick_start/SPA100_ATA_78-19933.pdf [PDF]
How Dial Plans Work: Chapter: Configuring Dial Plans
VoIP.MS Wiki https://wiki.voip.ms/article/Cisco_SPA112

Computer, linux, Raspberry Pi

Setup a Network Camera with a Raspberry PI

1st July 2021 Karl 2 Comments

In this post I am setting up a network available RTSP video camera on a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with the latest Debian Buster installed, you will also want another ‘remote’ computer with VLC installed on the same network. I have used a camera module connected via a ribbon cable to the Pi’s video port. The performance is more like what you would see from a security camera rather than some fancy dedicated device. I will be making the configuration with a bash shell using SSH rather than the GUI.

Installation

If you haven’t already, enable the camera on the Pi with sudo raspi-config and go to Interface Options > Camera. To reduce the load on the computer I also set the Pi to boot to the Console in System Options > Boot / Auto Login and selecting Console, you should also check that at least 256MB of memory is allocated to the GPU in Performance Options > GPU Memory, when complete reboot to set the updated configuration.

Install some prerequisites, you may have some or all of these installed already:

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install curl git build-essential software-properties-common cmake

1 2	$ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install curl git build-essential software-properties-common cmake

Next add the Video For Linux (V4L) Repository, this adds the drivers for the video on the hardware side

$ curl https://www.linux-projects.org/listing/uv4l_repo/lpkey.asc | sudo apt-key add -

1	$ curl https://www.linux-projects.org/listing/uv4l_repo/lpkey.asc \| sudo apt-key add -

and add the following line to your apt sources with $ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

deb https://www.linux-projects.org/listing/uv4l_repo/raspbian/stretch stretch main

1	deb https://www.linux-projects.org/listing/uv4l_repo/raspbian/stretch stretch main

We can now install the V4L packages:

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install uv4l uv4l-raspicam liblog4cpp5-dev libv4l-dev uv4l-server uv4l-raspicam-extras

1 2	$ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install uv4l uv4l-raspicam liblog4cpp5-dev libv4l-dev uv4l-server uv4l-raspicam-extras

We now need to install the RTSP server from Git, this server connects to the V4L drivers above:

$ cd ~
$ git clone https://github.com/mpromonet/v4l2rtspserver.git
$ cd v4l2rtspserver
$ cmake .
$ sudo make install
$ sudo reboot

$ cd ~

$ git clone https://github.com/mpromonet/v4l2rtspserver.git

$ cd v4l2rtspserver

$ cmake .

$ sudo make install

$ sudo reboot

Configuration

To setup V4L, edit the configuration file $ sudo nano /etc/uv4l/uv4l-raspicam.conf and update the driver options and uncomment the h264 options:

##################################
# raspicam driver options
##################################
encoding = h264
#720p
width = 1280
height = 720
framerate = 12

### h264 options:
profile = high
level = 4.2
bitrate = 8000000
intra-refresh-mode = dummy
intra-period = #arg
inline-headers = yes
sps-timing = no
quantisation-parameter #arg

##################################

# raspicam driver options

##################################

encoding = h264

#720p

width = 1280

height = 720

framerate = 12

### h264 options:

profile = high

level = 4.2

bitrate = 8000000

intra-refresh-mode = dummy

intra-period = #arg

inline-headers = yes

sps-timing = no

quantisation-parameter #arg

Restart the service once you have saved the file:

$ sudo service uv4l_raspicam restart

1	$ sudo service uv4l_raspicam restart

Useful screen Resolutions; designation, ratio: width x height:

1080p, 16:9: 1920 x 1080
720p, 16:9: 1280 x 720
720, 4:3: 1296 x 792
Standard Definition, 4:3: 640 x 480

I’ve chosen 720p 16:9 widescreen, this gives a good image quality without stressing the Pi 4B. The framerate is a compromise between quality and usability, its unlikely you would want to go above 25fps.

Connecting

If you don’t know it already, find the IP address of your Pi with $ ip a. Look for the address in eth0 or wlan0 depending on if you are using ethernet or wireless. In this case I will be using 192.168.2.33 in the examples.

Start the RTSP server with:

$ v4l2rtspserver -U user:password -F12 -W 1280 -H 720 -P 8555 /dev/video0

1	$ v4l2rtspserver -U user:password -F12 -W 1280 -H 720 -P 8555 /dev/video0

Replace user:password with a suitable username and password. I have assumed that the camera is on /dev/video0, you can test this with:

$ v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 -D

1	$ v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 -D

and look for a line such as Driver version: 5.10.17, if this is 0.0.0 then try a different device, /dev/video1, /dev/video2 etc.

On a successful load it will tell you the connection:

2021-07-01 10:07:39,251 [NOTICE] - /home/pi/v4l2rtspserver/inc/V4l2RTSPServer.h:81
        Play this stream using the URL "rtsp://192.168.2.33:8555/unicast"

1 2	2021-07-01 10:07:39,251 [NOTICE] - /home/pi/v4l2rtspserver/inc/V4l2RTSPServer.h:81 Play this stream using the URL "rtsp://192.168.2.33:8555/unicast"

Now on your ‘remote’ computer open VLC and choose Media > Open Network Stream and place the given stream address into the network URL, you will then be asked for the username and password. For me it took less than five seconds for an image to appear, there is a fairly high latency on the image shown, the picture lags by about a second from reality.

Using OpenCV

You can access the stream using Python scripts and OpenCV on your ‘remote’ computer for AI/Machine Learning. For me this is a Debian Linux box with FFmpeg as OpenCV uses this to access the stream.

#!/bin/env python

import os
import cv2

# if the script doesn't work, uncomment the following, OpenCV may be 
# defaulting to TCP when we are wanting to use UDP.
#os.environ["OPENCV_FFMPEG_CAPTURE_OPTIONS"] = "rtsp_transport;udp"

# replace user:password with your username and password
rtspUrl = "rtsp://user:password@192.168.2.33:8555/unicast"

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(rtspUrl)  

#Check if camera was opened correctly
if not (cap.isOpened()):
    print("Could not open video device")

#Set the resolution
cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, 1280)
cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, 720)

while(True):
    ret, frame = cap.read()
    cv2.imshow('VIDEO', frame)

    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
        break

cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

#!/bin/env python

import os

import cv2

# if the script doesn't work, uncomment the following, OpenCV may be

# defaulting to TCP when we are wanting to use UDP.

#os.environ["OPENCV_FFMPEG_CAPTURE_OPTIONS"] = "rtsp_transport;udp"

# replace user:password with your username and password

rtspUrl = "rtsp://user:password@192.168.2.33:8555/unicast"

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(rtspUrl)

#Check if camera was opened correctly

if not (cap.isOpened()):

print("Could not open video device")

#Set the resolution

cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, 1280)

cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, 720)

while(True):

ret, frame = cap.read()

cv2.imshow('VIDEO', frame)

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):

break

cap.release()

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

You can check OpenCV is working with FFmpeg with:

$ python -c "import cv2; print(cv2.getBuildInformation())"

1	$ python -c "import cv2; print(cv2.getBuildInformation())"

and looking in the output for FFMPEG saying YES:

 Video I/O:
    DC1394:                      NO
    FFMPEG:                      YES
      avcodec:                   YES (58.109.100)
      avformat:                  YES (58.61.100)
      avutil:                    YES (56.60.100)
      swscale:                   YES (5.8.100)
      avresample:                NO
    GStreamer:                   NO
    v4l/v4l2:                    YES (linux/videodev2.h)

Video I/O:

DC1394: NO

FFMPEG: YES

avcodec: YES (58.109.100)

avformat: YES (58.61.100)

avutil: YES (56.60.100)

swscale: YES (5.8.100)

avresample: NO

GStreamer: NO

v4l/v4l2: YES (linux/videodev2.h)

Links and Sources

V4L Installation: https://www.linux-projects.org/uv4l/installation/
RTSP Server https://github.com/mpromonet/v4l2rtspserver

Computer, Jetson, linux, Programming

Jetson Nano Install Notes

8th October 2020 Karl

The Jetson Nano Developer kit – B01 is a small computer comprising of an NVIDA Maxwell GPU, Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A57 Processor and 4GB of Memory along with four USB 3 ports, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI and Display Port output, main storage is on a MicroSD card and there is a variety of selection of expansion available via GPIO, I2C and UART. On the software side NVIDIA provide their JetPack SDK – a customised version of Ubuntu. This development kit has been produced to provide an entry point into Machine Learning, for which I will be using Python programming language. I got my board from Pimoroni

GPU	128-core Maxwell
CPU	Quad-core ARM A57 @ 1.43 GHz
Memory	4 GB 64-bit LPDDR4 25.6 GB/s
Storage	microSD (not included)
Video Encode	4K @ 30 \| 4x 1080p @ 30 \| 9x 720p @ 30 (H.264/H.265)
Video Decode	4K @ 60 \| 2x 4K @ 30 \| 8x 1080p @ 30 \| 18x 720p @ 30 (H.264/H.265)
Camera	2x MIPI CSI-2 DPHY lanes
Connectivity	Gigabit Ethernet, M.2 Key E
Display	HDMI and display port
USB	4x USB 3.0, USB 2.0 Micro-B
Others	GPIO, I2C, I2S, SPI, UART
Mechanical	69 mm x 45 mm, 260-pin edge connector

These notes cover my process of setting one up and links to the documentation, it not intended to repeat those install guides but to provide an install sequence and any additional commentary as needed. I’m going to assume you have a little experience of using the terminal and am familiar with using the bash command line – I’ve no idea how this would be done through the GUI.

jetson nano ports — Jetson Nano ports [source: NVIDIA]

Initial Startup

I followed the instructions for downloading and installing JetPack 4.4 on https://nvidia.com/jetsonnano-start I used a 64GB Class 10, UHS-I, U3, V30 SanDisk card. I formatted the card in a camera before using balenaEtcher to write the JetPack SDK image, this creates a partition of about 16GB on the card formatted to ext4, during installation the volume is resized to fill the card.

jetson nano connections — Jetson Nano connections [source: NVIDIA]

Despite using a good quality USB power supply with an output of 3 Amps at 5 Volts into the Micro USB port the computer would only boot long enough for the NVIDIA logo to appear on screen but after a few seconds the green power LED would go out and it would be off, the same happened when I tried a variety of USB power supplies used. I got round the problem buy using a 5 Amp power supply connected to the barrel jack J25 on the left (centre pin positive) and connecting the jumper J48 located just behind this connector.

Customising the Setup

There are a couple of thigs to do, get a network volume mounted and set the default version of python.

For the network share install samba, some network utilities and the nano text editor:

$ sudo apt install samba cifs-utils nano

1	$ sudo apt install samba cifs-utils nano

create a text file: sudo nano /etc/samaba/videoserver with the following:

username=<your network username>
password=<your network password>

1 2	username=<your network username> password=<your network password>

And set the permissions sudo chmod 600 /etc/samba/videoserver. In this example I have a network share on my server; 192.168.1.30, called video. Create a mount point for the share: sudo mkdir /mnt/video now you need to edit fstab, sudo nano /etc/fstab and add your network connection to the end:

//192.168.1.30/video /mnt/video cifs credentials=/etc/samba/videoserver,noauto,x-systemd.automount,_netdev,uid=0,vers=1.0 0 0

1	//192.168.1.30/video /mnt/video cifs credentials=/etc/samba/videoserver,noauto,x-systemd.automount,_netdev,uid=0,vers=1.0 0 0

Reload fstab with sudo mount -a and check for any errors. Because of the way that Jetpack boots it does not appear to wait for the network so the share needs to be set to automount and this causes it to only appear in drive listings when accessed. Further reading can be found in this excellent guide to fstab: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/fstab.

Jetpack 4.4 comes with two versions of Python, 2.7 and 3.6, I want it to default to 3.6 and while this is rather out of date I don’t want to go down the hole of upgrading just yet, you will also need to install pip and set pip3 as the default too.

$ sudo apt install python3-pip
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.6 1
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip3.6 1
$ sudo update-alternatives --set python /usr/bin/python3.6
$ sudo update-alternatives --set pip /usr/bin/pip3.6

$ sudo apt install python3-pip

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.6 1

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip3.6 1

$ sudo update-alternatives --set python /usr/bin/python3.6

$ sudo update-alternatives --set pip /usr/bin/pip3.6

and test its worked:

$ python
Python 3.6.9 (default, Jul 17 2020, 12:50:27)
[GCC 8.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

$ python

Python 3.6.9 (default, Jul 17 2020, 12:50:27)

[GCC 8.4.0] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

$ pip --version
pip 20.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip (python 3.6)

1 2	$ pip --version pip 20.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip (python 3.6)

I did get an error later on, a crash was reported on the desktop when an occasional python 2 script ran. I fixed the error in /usr/sbin/l4t_payload_updater_t210 by changing the first line of the file from !#/user/bin/python to !#/user/bin/python2

Post Install Problems

A recent update occured, so I did the usual sudo apt get update && sudo apt get upgrade but one of the files gave a script error, this turned out to be with nvidia-l4t-bootloader, like so:

$ sudo apt install nvidia-l4t-bootloader
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed
  nvidia-l4t-bootloader
0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.
Need to get 1,870 kB of archives.
After this operation, 8,251 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 https://repo.download.nvidia.com/jetson/t210 r32.4/main arm64 nvidia-l4t-bootloader arm64 32.4.3-20200924161615 [1,870 kB]
Fetched 1,870 kB in 3s (692 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-l4t-bootloader.
(Reading database ... 165354 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-l4t-bootloader_32.4.3-20200924161615_arm64.deb ...
Unpacking nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...
Setting up nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...
3448-300---1--jetson-nano-qspi-sd-mmcblk0p1
Starting bootloader post-install procedure.
ERROR. Procedure for bootloader update FAILED.
Cannot install package. Exiting...
dpkg: error processing package nvidia-l4t-bootloader (--configure):
 installed nvidia-l4t-bootloader package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 nvidia-l4t-bootloader
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

$ sudo apt install nvidia-l4t-bootloader

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following NEW packages will be installed

nvidia-l4t-bootloader

0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.

Need to get 1,870 kB of archives.

After this operation, 8,251 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Get:1 https://repo.download.nvidia.com/jetson/t210 r32.4/main arm64 nvidia-l4t-bootloader arm64 32.4.3-20200924161615 [1,870 kB]

Fetched 1,870 kB in 3s (692 kB/s)

Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-l4t-bootloader.

(Reading database ... 165354 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-l4t-bootloader_32.4.3-20200924161615_arm64.deb ...

Unpacking nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...

Setting up nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...

3448-300---1--jetson-nano-qspi-sd-mmcblk0p1

Starting bootloader post-install procedure.

ERROR. Procedure for bootloader update FAILED.

Cannot install package. Exiting...

dpkg: error processing package nvidia-l4t-bootloader (--configure):

installed nvidia-l4t-bootloader package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1

Errors were encountered while processing:

nvidia-l4t-bootloader

E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

after some head scratching, it turns out this script is python2 only. I reverted back to the python 2.7 as the default, and tried again:

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python2.7 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
$ sudo update-alternatives --set python /usr/bin/python2.7
$ sudo apt remove nvidia-l4t-bootloader
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Package 'nvidia-l4t-bootloader' is not installed, so not removed
0 to upgrade, 0 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.
$ sudo apt install nvidia-l4t-bootloader
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed
  nvidia-l4t-bootloader
0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.
Need to get 0 B/1,870 kB of archives.
After this operation, 8,251 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-l4t-bootloader.
(Reading database ... 165354 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-l4t-bootloader_32.4.3-20200924161615_arm64.deb ...
Unpacking nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...
Setting up nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...
3448-300---1--jetson-nano-qspi-sd-mmcblk0p1
Starting bootloader post-install procedure.
Update bootloader completed.
Reboot the target system for changes to take effect.
Updating extlinux.conf...
Root device is set in the extlinux.conf

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 2

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python2.7 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode

$ sudo update-alternatives --set python /usr/bin/python2.7

$ sudo apt remove nvidia-l4t-bootloader

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

Package 'nvidia-l4t-bootloader' is not installed, so not removed

0 to upgrade, 0 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.

$ sudo apt install nvidia-l4t-bootloader

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following NEW packages will be installed

nvidia-l4t-bootloader

0 to upgrade, 1 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.

Need to get 0 B/1,870 kB of archives.

After this operation, 8,251 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-l4t-bootloader.

(Reading database ... 165354 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-l4t-bootloader_32.4.3-20200924161615_arm64.deb ...

Unpacking nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...

Setting up nvidia-l4t-bootloader (32.4.3-20200924161615) ...

3448-300---1--jetson-nano-qspi-sd-mmcblk0p1

Starting bootloader post-install procedure.

Update bootloader completed.

Reboot the target system for changes to take effect.

Updating extlinux.conf...

Root device is set in the extlinux.conf

Afterwards I set the default back to python 3.6 again.

Setup the Machine Learning

There are three Machine Learning packages, OpenCV for Computer Vison, Tensorflow for machine learning models, and TensorRT – accelerated deep learning networks for image recognition.

OpenCV is already installed in Python:

>>> import cv2
>>> print (cv2.__version__)
4.1.1

>>> import cv2

>>> print (cv2.__version__)

4.1.1

Tensorflow installation can be found here: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/frameworks/install-tf-jetson-platform/ I found this to be straight forward but it did keep the computer busy for a while.

>>> import tensorflow
2020-10-08 11:34:55.934735: I tensorflow/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:49] Successfully opened dynamic library libcudart.so.10.2
>>> print (tensorflow.__version__)
2.3.0

>>> import tensorflow

2020-10-08 11:34:55.934735: I tensorflow/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:49] Successfully opened dynamic library libcudart.so.10.2

>>> print (tensorflow.__version__)

2.3.0

TensorRT can be found at: https://github.com/dusty-nv/jetson-inference/blob/master/docs/building-repo-2.md I used the instructions in the Quick Reference section and installed the default models without any errors, I have not yet had the opportunity to test it.

Copying and Resizing a Raspberry Pi SD Card

21st June 2020 Karl

The Micro SD Card I use in a Raspberry PI ran out of space so here is how I copied the contents of the 15GB drive to a new 64GB card and resized the partition. I used a separate computer running Debian and as the machine does not have a monitor or keyboard attached this will be being completed through the bash command line using SSH.

1. Making a copy of the SD Card.

Insert the old card into your computer, if the computer attempts to mount the drive then unmount it. We need to find which mount point has been used, do this with the lsblk command:

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   477G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0   512M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0 468.9G  0 part /
└─sda3   8:3    0   7.6G  0 part [SWAP]
sdb      8:16   0   477G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0   477G  0 part /mnt/external_ssd
sdc      8:32   0   1.8T  0 disk
└─sdc1   8:33   0   1.8T  0 part /data
sdd      8:48   0   3.7T  0 disk
└─sdd1   8:49   0   3.7T  0 part /mnt/external_hdd
sde      8:64   1  14.9G  0 disk
├─sde1   8:65   1  43.8M  0 part
└─sde2   8:66   1  14.8G  0 part

$ lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 477G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi

├─sda2 8:2 0 468.9G 0 part /

└─sda3 8:3 0 7.6G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 477G 0 disk

└─sdb1 8:17 0 477G 0 part /mnt/external_ssd

sdc 8:32 0 1.8T 0 disk

└─sdc1 8:33 0 1.8T 0 part /data

sdd 8:48 0 3.7T 0 disk

└─sdd1 8:49 0 3.7T 0 part /mnt/external_hdd

sde 8:64 1 14.9G 0 disk

├─sde1 8:65 1 43.8M 0 part

└─sde2 8:66 1 14.8G 0 part

The device sde matches our SD card. So we will use that. The dd command is used to create the ISO image, I am creating the file in my home directory:

$ cd ~
$ sudo dd status=progress if=/dev/sde of=raspberry_cnc.iso

1 2	$ cd ~ $ sudo dd status=progress if=/dev/sde of=raspberry_cnc.iso

once complete, check that the records match:

31116288+0 records in
31116288+0 records out
15931539456 bytes (16 GB, 15 GiB) copied, 464.124 s, 34.3 MB/s

31116288+0 records in

31116288+0 records out

15931539456 bytes (16 GB, 15 GiB) copied, 464.124 s, 34.3 MB/s

Swap the SD cards and check the mount point again:

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
[snip]
sde      8:64   1  59.5G  0 disk
└─sde1   8:65   1  59.5G  0 part

$ lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

[snip]

sde 8:64 1 59.5G 0 disk

└─sde1 8:65 1 59.5G 0 part

Now copy the iso image to the new card:

$ sudo dd status=progress if=raspberry_cnc.iso of=/dev/sde

1	$ sudo dd status=progress if=raspberry_cnc.iso of=/dev/sde

this can take a while, the write speed is rather slow:

31116288+0 records in
31116288+0 records out
15931539456 bytes (16 GB, 15 GiB) copied, 3023.22 s, 5.3 MB/s

31116288+0 records in

31116288+0 records out

15931539456 bytes (16 GB, 15 GiB) copied, 3023.22 s, 5.3 MB/s

and lsblk shows us the new partitions:

$ lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
[snip]
sde      8:64   1  59.5G  0 disk
├─sde1   8:65   1  43.8M  0 part
└─sde2   8:66   1  14.8G  0 part

$ lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

[snip]

sde 8:64 1 59.5G 0 disk

├─sde1 8:65 1 43.8M 0 part

└─sde2 8:66 1 14.8G 0 part

2. Resizing the partition

The copied partition is now the same size as the original. If you have space remaining, the new card can be put back in the Pi and use the raspi-config utility, and using the Expand Filesystem option in the Advanced Settings section. However if the drive is completely full you won’t be able to login as there won’t be enough space available for the temporary files created at login, to get round this you can use parted to resize, start with:

$ sudo parted /dev/sde

1	$ sudo parted /dev/sde

if you get the following message:

Warning: Unable to open /dev/sde read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sde has been opened read-only.

1	Warning: Unable to open /dev/sde read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sde has been opened read-only.

then quit from parted, if you are using a full size SD Card, check the Write Protect tab on the side of the card and try again, otherwise try:

$ sudo hdparm -r0 /dev/sde

/dev/sde:
 setting readonly to 0 (off)
 readonly      =  0 (off)

$ sudo hdparm -r0 /dev/sde

/dev/sde:

setting readonly to 0 (off)

readonly = 0 (off)

If problem persists try formatting the new card in a camera, as these have a simple file system, and write the ISO image again.

We need to resize the larger partition /dev/sde2 with the ext4 file system, the smaller is used to boot the Pi and can be ignored. In parted, list the partitions with the print command:

$ sudo parted /dev/sde
(parted) print
Model: Generic- USB3.0 CRW -SD (scsi)
Disk /dev/sde: 63.9GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      4194kB  50.1MB  45.9MB  primary  fat32        lba
 2      50.3MB  15.9GB  15.9GB  primary  ext4

$ sudo parted /dev/sde

(parted) print

Model: Generic- USB3.0 CRW -SD (scsi)

Disk /dev/sde: 63.9GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 4194kB 50.1MB 45.9MB primary fat32 lba

2 50.3MB 15.9GB 15.9GB primary ext4

Using resizepart set the new size, I set this to larger than the 15GB but smaller than the unallocated space, this to save me having to accurately work out the remaining space manually:

(parted) resizepart 2
End?  [15.9GB]? 40GB

1 2	(parted) resizepart 2 End? [15.9GB]? 40GB

Now update the boundaries to grow and resize the partition into the freshly allocated space:

$ sudo /sbin/e2fsck -f /dev/sde2
$ sudo /sbin/resize2fs /dev/sde2

1 2	$ sudo /sbin/e2fsck -f /dev/sde2 $ sudo /sbin/resize2fs /dev/sde2

Now boot the Pi with the new card, login and use the raspi-config utility then in Advanced Options choose Expand Filesystem and follow the onscreen instructions. Once rebooted you should now be set to fill up your new card.

Links and Sources

RPi Resize Flash Partitions https://elinux.org/RPi_Resize_Flash_Partitions
Parted Guide https://www.tecmint.com/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/

Computer, linux, Programming

Extracting GPS data from the GoPro 7

28th July 2019 Karl 2 Comments

While extracting the telemetry data from the GoPro is reasonably well documented I have found some gaps for getting the extracting utilities installed and when extracting and combining data from multiple files. These notes are for a Debian/Ubuntu installation in a BASH Shell.

Installing the gopro-utils

As I couldn’t find any straightforward instructions for installation, I’ll be going through everything I needed to do to get it working, you may have some of these packages installed already.

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install ffmpeg golang gpsbabel git

sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade

sudo apt install ffmpeg golang gpsbabel git

Now to get the gopro-utils and install them, I’m placing the source files into my Downloads directory, as well as the GPS data extractor we’ll be adding the other telemetry tools too, this is all a bit long winded.

cd ~/Downloads
git clone https://github.com/JuanIrache/gopro-utils
cd gopro-utils
go get github.com/JuanIrache/gopro-utils/telemetry
go get github.com/mlouielu/gpxgo/gpx
cd bin/gopro2gpx
go build gopro2gpx.go
sudo cp gopro2gpx /usr/local/bin/
cd ../bin/gopro2geojson/
go build gopro2geojson.go
sudo cp gopro2geojson /usr/local/bin/
cd ../gopro2json/
go build gopro2json.go
sudo cp gopro2json /usr/local/bin/
cd ../gpmd2csv/
go build gpmd2csv.go
sudo cp gpmd2csv /usr/local/bin/
cd ../gpmd2info/
go build gpmd2info.go
sudo cp gpmd2info /usr/local/bin/
cd ../gps2kml/
go build gps2kml.go
sudo cp gps2kml /usr/local/bin/

cd ~/Downloads

git clone https://github.com/JuanIrache/gopro-utils

cd gopro-utils

go get github.com/JuanIrache/gopro-utils/telemetry

go get github.com/mlouielu/gpxgo/gpx

cd bin/gopro2gpx

go build gopro2gpx.go

sudo cp gopro2gpx /usr/local/bin/

cd ../bin/gopro2geojson/

go build gopro2geojson.go

sudo cp gopro2geojson /usr/local/bin/

cd ../gopro2json/

go build gopro2json.go

sudo cp gopro2json /usr/local/bin/

cd ../gpmd2csv/

go build gpmd2csv.go

sudo cp gpmd2csv /usr/local/bin/

cd ../gpmd2info/

go build gpmd2info.go

sudo cp gpmd2info /usr/local/bin/

cd ../gps2kml/

go build gps2kml.go

sudo cp gps2kml /usr/local/bin/

Extracting the Data

You will need to find which stream in the video recording the data has been saved to, to find this use ffprobe to examine the recording and look for the stream that contains GoPro MET, for example:

$ ffprobe GX090155.MP4
[snip]
    Stream #0:3(eng): Data: none (gpmd / 0x646D7067), 40 kb/s (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2019-07-28T11:09:25.000000Z
      handler_name    : GoPro MET
[snip]

$ ffprobe GX090155.MP4

[snip]

Stream #0:3(eng): Data: none (gpmd / 0x646D7067), 40 kb/s (default)

Metadata:

creation_time : 2019-07-28T11:09:25.000000Z

handler_name : GoPro MET

[snip]

You can see that what we are wanting is on stream 3, as far as I can tell this stays the same every time, I don’t know if it is different for other GoPro models.

This bash script extracts the GPS data in GPX format from all the GoPro GX recordings in the directory, other options have been commented out, if you are using Garmin VIRB edit there is also an option for use with that. The script creates two files, one that contains the raw data and another with the desired GPS data, the GPS output file has the same name as the recording, but in lowercase with a .gpx extension.

#!/bin/bash
FILES="GX*.MP4"
STREAM="0:3"
for MP4FILE in $FILES; do
   OUTFILE=$(basename "$MP4FILE" | cut -d. -f1)
   
   OUTFILE=$(echo "$OUTFILE" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
   BINFILE="$OUTFILE.bin"
   ffmpeg -y -i "$MP4FILE" -codec copy -map $STREAM -f rawvideo "$BINFILE"

   #gpmd2csv -i "$BINFILE" -o "$OUTFILE.csv"
   gopro2gpx -i "$BINFILE" -a 500 -f 2 -o "$OUTFILE.gpx"
   #gopro2gpx -i "$BINFILE" -a 200 -f 3 -o "$OUTFILE-virb.gpx"
   #gopro2json -i "$BINFILE" -o "$OUTFILE.json"
done

#!/bin/bash

FILES="GX*.MP4"

STREAM="0:3"

for MP4FILE in $FILES; do

OUTFILE=$(basename "$MP4FILE" | cut -d. -f1)

OUTFILE=$(echo "$OUTFILE" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')

BINFILE="$OUTFILE.bin"

ffmpeg -y -i "$MP4FILE" -codec copy -map $STREAM -f rawvideo "$BINFILE"

#gpmd2csv -i "$BINFILE" -o "$OUTFILE.csv"

gopro2gpx -i "$BINFILE" -a 500 -f 2 -o "$OUTFILE.gpx"

#gopro2gpx -i "$BINFILE" -a 200 -f 3 -o "$OUTFILE-virb.gpx"

#gopro2json -i "$BINFILE" -o "$OUTFILE.json"

done

Merging GPX files

As the GoPro splits recordings into 4GB blocks, when extracting you will get a single GPX file for each recording. Many pages found by Google say that to create a single track from these all you need to do is append the files into one big file. This is wrong, what you end up with is a single file with many short tracks, when what you are after is one long track covering the entire journey. This bash script uses gpsbabel to create single merged file from the extracted GPX data, it creates a file called “gpsoutput.gpx”.

#!/bin/bash
FILES="gx*.gpx"
ff=""
for f in $FILES; do
    ff="$ff -f $f"
done
gpsbabel -t -i gpx $ff -o gpx -x track,merge,title="GOPRO COMBINED LOG"  -F gpsoutpt.gpx

#!/bin/bash

FILES="gx*.gpx"

ff=""

for f in $FILES; do

ff="$ff -f $f"

done

gpsbabel -t -i gpx $ff -o gpx -x track,merge,title="GOPRO COMBINED LOG" -F gpsoutpt.gpx

The next stage will be to write a script that combines all these and completes the job in one easy process.

Links and Sources

Web Page to extract GoPro data: https://tailorandwayne.com/gopro-telemetry-extractor/ Easy to use for individual files
https://github.com/JuanIrache/gopro-utils
GoPro Forum Extracting the metadata in a useful format
GPSBabel, Free software for GPS data conversion and transfer: https://www.gpsbabel.org/

CNC, Computer, Electronics, Hardware

Using Inkscape for CNC designs

18th May 2019 Karl

Inkscape is a free vector graphics editor for all major platforms, generally it is aimed at art and design users but it does have an option for generating G-Code for use in your favourite CNC software. While Inkscape doesn’t have many of the functions of proper CAD/CAM software it is an relatively easy place to start for creating basic designs, I have been using it to make boxes out of 3.5mm plywood.

These notes are based around my cheap CNC machine sold as an CNC3018 by a variety of Chinese manufacturers on Amazon and eBay, the included controller is a Woodpecker CNC board (Ardunio clone) I have upgraded to GRBL v1.1 and I am using version 0.92.4 (April 2019) of Inkscape with the included Gcodetools.

This post focuses on setting up Inkscape for the CNC machine and producing the g-code from your drawing, it is not intended to be an Inkscape tutorial.

Document Setup

With a new drawing set your Document Size, this should be the same as your CNC bed, in my case this is 300 x 180mm. From the Inkscape menu go to File > Properties and in the Page Tab set the Display Units (millimeters in my case), the Orientation to Landscape and Page Size width: 300 and height: 180. In the Grids Tab set the Grid Units to mm and the Spacing X and Spacing Y to 1.0. Back on your main page, turn the page grid on with: View > Page Grid.

By default Inkscape scales the stroke/line width when you resize a shape, to prevent this click the the fourth box from the right in the top icon bar “when scaling objects, scale the stroke width by the same proportion”

Turn Line Scaling off to prevent the line width changing when resizing

You can save this as a template, such as: CNC3018.svg or as the document default with: default.svg by saving the file to your templates directory:
On Linux and OS X: ~/.config/inkscape/templates/
On Windows: C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming\inkscape\templates

The lines you draw will need to be the same width as the bit you are using in the CNC machine. Draw a rectangle, Right mouse click on the rectangle and select Fill and Stroke…. In the Fill Tab click the X – no paint box and on the Stroke Style tab set the width to that of the bit you are using – 1.5mm, subsequent rectangles will be in the same style, other shapes will need to be setup this way too. The colour of your lines should be black, there is some functionality for different colours to represent different depths but I have not yet worked out how to do this.

Layout Tips for G-Code Routing

Remember to check the dimensions of the cuts, with an outside cut such as the width and height of a box side you need to measure for the inside of your rectangle, for holes in your box measure to the outside edge, Inkscape sets distances to the outside edge.

For positioning holes for switches and the like, I add thin lines 0.1mm thick as guides and make use of the width/height settings as well as the Object > Align and Distribute options. A pair of digital vernier calipers are a great aid to discovering the required sizes. Remember to delete these before G-Code encoding.

When generating the G-Code each shape will be seen as an individual object, so lets say you want to have two sides of your box cut from a single sheet of plywood, this would be two rectangles abutting each other with a side to be cut overlapping. As it takes four passes to cut each shape 1mm at a time, this means it’ll take six passes down the centre. To fix this select both rectangles and then Path > Combine followed by Path > Difference to make a single object.

Outputting to G-Code

Now that you have completed your drawing, save your work then convert your objects to paths by selecting all objects then Path > Object to Path. You may also want to place your drawing near the bottom left of the document, as this is where the CNC router starts. Now using Gcodetools there are three things you need to do to produce the G-Code file. None of the Gcodetools windows close automatically when apply is clicked, you will need to do that yourself. From the Inkscape menu:

1. Extensions > Gcodetools > Tools Libary…
Select Tools Type: cylinder and click apply In the overlarge green box that appears you will need to set the tool diameter and feed speed.

This can be a bit fiddly as the text can become detached from the box and the settings lost, what seems to work most reliably for me is to change to Text Objects (F8) click on the numbers you want to change and once done go back to Select and Transform (F1). Resize the box afterwards to check that it is still working – if the green box moves but the text does not then Ctrl-Z a few times and try again.

Gcodetools Tools Library – Green background is detached from the text – this won’t work.

setting	default	used	description
Diameter	10	1.5	tool bit diameter in mm
Feed	400	300	speed while cutting through the material in mm/second
Penetration angle	90	90
Penetration feed	100	100	Plunge speed in the material in mm/second
Depth Step	1	1	Depth of cut on each pass in mm

2. Extensions > Gcodetools > Orientation Points
This tells the g-code where to start, normally bottom-left on the CNC Set the following:
– Orientation type: 2-points mode
– Z Surface: 0mm – this is the top of your surface
– Z Depth: -3.4mm – this is the thickness of material to cut, a negative number

3. Extensions > Gcodetools > Path to Gcode
This creates the G-code file, in the Preferences Tab set the following:
– File: output filename
– Directory: output directory
– Z safe height: 5mm – height above the work surface when moving between cuts
The filename once set doesn’t change, an incremental number is appended to the output filename. Click the Path to Gcode Tab before clicking apply (this appears to be a bug).

Your image will be updated to show the g-code routing, give this a visual check to ensure that all objects have been coded and that it looks right, the path to be taken should be in colour and contain arrows showing the direction of the router.

If there are too many arrows or if a line has arrows pointing in different directions then there may be an object underneath, check on your original artwork, in the image with the three circles below you see that A has not been converted to a path with Path > Object to Path, B has a duplicate object underneath and C is correct.

Gcode check; A and B have problems, C is correct.

The generated G-Code does not appear to include the Spindle Motor Start command – So remember to start the spindle manually in your CNC software before running the G-Code – its interesting how easily these bits break with a sideways load. Remember if you are cutting trough rather than engraving, don’t forget to put a layer to sacrifice between whatever you are making and the CNC’s bed, I use 5mm MDF/Fibreboard.

Links and Sources

Inkscape and Inkscape Tutorials
Gcodetools plug-in English support forum and on github
CNCjs
grbl
shapeoko BHSPitMonkey/Inkscape and Gcodetools Tutorial
Intro to G-Code in Inkscape for Laser Etching
raspberry-gpio-python

Computer, linux

FFMPEG for Video Conversion

13th November 2018 Karl

FFmpeg is a command line program to manipulate, convert, record and stream video and audio, it is available for Mac, Linux and Windows. Here is a handy list of commands for reference, these have been tested with version 3.1.12 in a Debian Linux environment. I expect this list to grow over time as needs arise.

• Rescale a 4K video to 1080p


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 20 -preset slow -vf scale=1920:1080 outFile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 20 -preset slow -vf scale=1920:1080 outFile.mp4

• Convert to H.264 (AVC) codec for use on uploading to YouTube, Vimeo, etc:


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mov -f mp4 -vcodec libx264 outputFile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mov -f mp4 -vcodec libx264 outputFile.mp4

Using this codec reduces the time it takes for the video to be available after upload, however YouTube converts the file again to the VP9 codec and unless you have a popular channel, 100 subscribers or more, then this can take a few days or weeks and in the meantime your video can appear quite poor and blocky even when watching at 1080p, especially when there is a lot of movement like in a car dash-cam video. You can use FFmpeg to encode to VP9 webm format with this bash script:

#!/bin/bash
INFILE="$1"

PASS1="-pass 1 -b:v 1000K -threads 8 -speed 4 -tile-columns 6 -frame-parallel 1"
PASS2="-pass 2 -b:v 1000K -threads 8 -speed 1 -tile-columns 6 -frame-parallel 1 -auto-alt-ref 1"

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)
if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then
   echo "filename missing"
   exit 1
fi

OUTFILE="$FILENAME".webm

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -c:v libvpx-vp9 $PASS1 -g 9999 -aq-mode 0 -an -f webm /dev/null
ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -c:v libvpx-vp9 $PASS2 -lag-in-frames 25 -g 9999 -aq-mode 0 -c:a libopus -b:a 64k -f webm "$OUTFILE"

#!/bin/bash

INFILE="$1"

PASS1="-pass 1 -b:v 1000K -threads 8 -speed 4 -tile-columns 6 -frame-parallel 1"

PASS2="-pass 2 -b:v 1000K -threads 8 -speed 1 -tile-columns 6 -frame-parallel 1 -auto-alt-ref 1"

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)

if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then

echo "filename missing"

exit 1

OUTFILE="$FILENAME".webm

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -c:v libvpx-vp9 $PASS1 -g 9999 -aq-mode 0 -an -f webm /dev/null

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -c:v libvpx-vp9 $PASS2 -lag-in-frames 25 -g 9999 -aq-mode 0 -c:a libopus -b:a 64k -f webm "$OUTFILE"

This script is based on the encoding method shown in the WebM Wiki on my computer it is very slow and takes a quite a few hours to encode just nine minutes of video and the eventual results are so poor you’ll be wondering why you bothered.

• Convert to MP4 for use in Vegas Studio:


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mkv -codec copy outputFile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mkv -codec copy outputFile.mp4

If you have a particularly old/odd video and get lots of pts has no value errors, then try this:


ffmpeg -fflags +genpts -i inputFile.mpg -codec copy outputFile.mp4

ffmpeg -fflags +genpts -i inputFile.mpg -codec copy outputFile.mp4

The -fflags +genpts option adds a Presentation Timestamp (PTS) to the frames, this must be before the -i as shown to work. Source.

• Set the video playback speed, this method adjusts the Presentation Timestamp (PTS) on each frame which may not work with older software. To slow down video divide the PTS by your required speed, this example slows the action by two times setpts=PTS/2.0. You can also reduce the number of dropped frames by increasing the frame-rate -r 50, in this case I went from 25fps to 50fps, but depending in the chosen speed frames may still be dropped.


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -r 50 -filter:v "setpts=PTS/2.0" outputfile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -r 50 -filter:v "setpts=PTS/2.0" outputfile.mp4

Speed up your video by multiplying the PTS, in this case two times faster: setpts=PTS*2.0


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -filter:v "setpts=PTS*2.0" outputfile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -filter:v "setpts=PTS*2.0" outputfile.mp4

• Convert file or extract audio from file into an MP3, the output is set to 128K constant bitrate


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a 128k outputFile.mp3

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mp4 -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a 128k outputFile.mp3

• Concatenate Video Files
This combines two video files, when using formats such as MP4 or MKV you will need to create intermediate files, otherwise only the first file will be included in the output:


ffmpeg -i file1.mp4 -c copy -bsf:v h264_mp4toannexb -f mpegts file1_inter.ts
ffmpeg -i file2.mp4 -c copy -bsf:v h264_mp4toannexb -f mpegts file2_inter.ts
ffmpeg -i "concat:file1_inter.ts|file2_inter.ts" -f mp4 -vcodec libx265 outputFile.mp4

ffmpeg -i file1.mp4 -c copy -bsf:v h264_mp4toannexb -f mpegts file1_inter.ts

ffmpeg -i file2.mp4 -c copy -bsf:v h264_mp4toannexb -f mpegts file2_inter.ts

ffmpeg -i "concat:file1_inter.ts|file2_inter.ts" -f mp4 -vcodec libx265 outputFile.mp4

• The opus not found error
When converting a file and you see an error like Could not find tag for codec opus in stream #1… you will need to state the output format


ffmpeg -i inputFile.mkv -f mp4 -vcodec libx264 outputFile.mp4

ffmpeg -i inputFile.mkv -f mp4 -vcodec libx264 outputFile.mp4

Links and Sources

https://www.ffmpeg.org/
FFmpeg Wiki: https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki

APPLE, Computer, linux, Programming, Raspberry Pi

Extracting MP3 audio from video files

29th July 2018 Karl

Here is a small Bash script that converts any supported ffmpeg video format; such as .MKV, .MP4 or .MOV and extracts the audio to an .MP3 file, It will also split that MP3 file into chunks and put them in a convenient directory. You will need to install ffmpeg and mp3splt for your particular platform.

Example Usage:

./mkv2mp3 "big fat file.mkv"

1	./mkv2mp3 "big fat file.mkv"

This uses ffmpeg to convert “big fat file.mkv” to “big fat file.mp3” and then uses mp3splt to create a directory “big fat file” containing the files 01 – big fat file.mp3, 02 – big fat file.mp3, etc. The MP3 files will be encoded at 128k Constant Bit Rate and each file will be around 50 minutes in length. To install in Debian/Ubuntu use: sudo apt-get install ffmpeg mp3splt

#!/bin/bash
INFILE=$1
BITRATE="128k"
LENGTH="50.0"

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)
if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then
   echo "filename missing"
   exit 1
fi

echo "$FILENAME"
ffmpeg -i "$INFILE" -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a "$BITRATE" "$FILENAME".mp3
mp3splt -t "$LENGTH" -d "$FILENAME" -a -o @n+-+@f "$FILENAME".mp3

#!/bin/bash

INFILE=$1

BITRATE="128k"

LENGTH="50.0"

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)

if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then

echo "filename missing"

exit 1

echo "$FILENAME"

ffmpeg -i "$INFILE" -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a "$BITRATE" "$FILENAME".mp3

mp3splt -t "$LENGTH" -d "$FILENAME" -a -o @n+-+@f "$FILENAME".mp3

mp3splt can find the audio in a quiet region near where the split is desired rather than midway through a word, this should make for much cleaner playback across tracks.

Alternative Method

This script gives the same results but uses ffmpeg to split the large MP3 file and then adds track numbering metadata using id3v2. To install in Debian/Ubuntu use: sudo apt-get install ffmpeg id3v2

#!/bin/bash
INFILE="$1"
BITRATE="128k"
LENGTH="3000"    # 50 minutes in seconds

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)
if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then
   echo "filename missing"
   exit 1
fi

echo "$FILENAME"
MP3FILE="$FILENAME".mp3
ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a "$BITRATE" "$MP3FILE"

OUTDIR="$FILENAME"
mkdir "$OUTDIR"

ffmpeg -y -i "$MP3FILE" -vn -f segment -segment_time "$LENGTH" -c copy "$OUTDIR"/%02d-"$MP3FILE"

TRACK=1
IFS=$'\n'
FILES=($(find "$OUTDIR" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n))
for file in "${FILES[@]}"; do
  TN=$(printf %02d $TRACK)
  id3v2 --track "$TN" --TIT2 "$FILENAME" "$file"
  TRACK=$((TRACK+1))
done

#!/bin/bash

INFILE="$1"

BITRATE="128k"

LENGTH="3000" # 50 minutes in seconds

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)

if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then

echo "filename missing"

exit 1

echo "$FILENAME"

MP3FILE="$FILENAME".mp3

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -vn -acodec libmp3lame -b:a "$BITRATE" "$MP3FILE"

OUTDIR="$FILENAME"

mkdir "$OUTDIR"

ffmpeg -y -i "$MP3FILE" -vn -f segment -segment_time "$LENGTH" -c copy "$OUTDIR"/%02d-"$MP3FILE"

TRACK=1

IFS=$'\n'

FILES=($(find "$OUTDIR" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n))

for file in "${FILES[@]}"; do

TN=$(printf %02d $TRACK)

id3v2 --track "$TN" --TIT2 "$FILENAME" "$file"

TRACK=$((TRACK+1))

done

Creating an Audiobook

Taking this further, I was thinking that it would be nice to have these converted into the M4B Audiobook format for use on my elderly iPod. The script below assumes that you have processed the files as above and have added metadata tags using a tool like mp3tag (yes I know this is for Windows).

To complete this we need to: Combine the multiple MP3 files into one big file, or read the original big file then convert that to M4B format at 96K bit and add chapter marks every ten minutes. For this I have used ffmpeg v3.2.12 and libmp4v2 (for the mp4chaps utility), to install in Debian/Ubuntu use: sudo apt-get install libmp4v2-dev mp4v2-utils ffmpeg

This script works best from a single MP3 file rather than from those that have been re-combined back into a single file, recombining the files caused ffmpeg to exclaim “invalid packet size” and “invalid data” errors. It is able to tell the difference between a directory and a single MP3 and processes the file accordingly, don’t forget to add metadata tags and cover art before you run the script.

#!/bin/bash
INFILE="$1"

BITRATE="96k"
MP3TITLE=""
MP3ARTIST=""
MP3ALBUM=""
MP3COMMENT=""
MP3YEAR=""
MP3PERFORMER=""

####
####  FUNCTIONS
####

function setMP3variables() {
  TAG="$1"
  VALUE="$2"

  case "$TAG" in
    title)
      MP3TITLE="$VALUE"
      ;;
    artist)
      MP3ARTIST="$VALUE"
      ;;
    comment)
      MP3COMMENT="$VALUE"
      ;;
    album_artist)
      MP3PERFORMER="$VALUE"
      ;;
    album)
      MP3ALBUM="$VALUE"
      ;;
    date)
      MP3YEAR="$VALUE"
      ;;
   esac
}

## get the tag text from the metadata
## if the line contains an equals (=) then split by the first equals.
function getMP3tags() {
  MP3METADATA="$1"
  while read -r line
  do
    case "$line" in
      *=*)
        TAG=${line%%"="*}
        VALUE=${line#*"="}
        setMP3variables "$TAG" "$VALUE"
        ;;
    esac
  done < "$MP3METADATA"

  if [[ ! -z "${MP3TITLE// }" ]]; then
    OUTFILE="$MP3TITLE".mp3
    M4BFILE="$MP3TITLE".m4b
  fi
}

####
####   BEGINS
####

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)
if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then
   echo "filename missing"
   exit 1
fi
OLDIFS=$IFS
OUTFILE="$FILENAME"_out.mp3
M4BFILE="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".m4b
METADATA="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".metadata
JPGFILE="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".jpg


## check if input is a diretory
if [ -d "$INFILE" ]; then
  # get the name of the first MP3 file in the directory
  FIRSTFILE=$(find "$INFILE" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n | head -1)
  FIRSTFILE=$(basename "$FIRSTFILE")

  if [[ -z "${FIRSTFILE// }" ]]; then
    echo "no mp3 files in directory"
    exit 1
  fi

  ## save the MP3 tag metadata from the first file
  ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE/$FIRSTFILE" -f ffmetadata "$METADATA"
  ## save out the cver art image
  ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE/$FIRSTFILE" -an -vcodec copy "$JPGFILE"
  ## process the tag metadata - put it into the $MP3* strings, set $OUTFILE and $LOGFILE from the title
  getMP3tags "$METADATA"

  ## make a bar seperated list of the MP3 files that are to be combined
  MP3FILES=""
  IFS=$'\n'
  FILES=($(find "$INFILE" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n))
  for files in "${FILES[@]}"; do
    MP3FILES+="$files|"
  done
  MP3FILES=${MP3FILES:0:-1}

  ## combine all the MP3 files into one big file
  ## $OUTFILE is set using either the $FILENAME or $MP3TITLE if that has been used
  ffmpeg -y -i "concat:$MP3FILES" -vn -vsync 2 -acodec copy "$OUTFILE"
else
  ## process a single MP3 file
  ## save the MP3 tag metadata from the first file
  ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -f ffmetadata "$METADATA"
  ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -an -vcodec copy "$JPGFILE"
  ## process the tag metadata - put it into the $MP3* strings, set $OUTFILE and $LOGFILE from the title
  getMP3tags "$METADATA"
  #ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -vn -vsync 2 -acodec copy "$OUTFILE"
  OUTFILE="$INFILE"
fi

## if there is a cover image, these are are the options for adding it back in
WITHJPG=()
if [ -e "$JPGFILE" ]; then
   IFS=$OLDIFS
   WITHJPG=(-i "$JPGFILE" -metadata:s:v comment="Cover (front)")
fi

## create the audiobook M4B file
## and write the metadata into the output file
ffmpeg -y -i "$OUTFILE" -i "$METADATA" "${WITHJPG[@]}" -map_metadata 1 -id3v2_version 3 -acodec aac -b:a "$BITRATE" -strict -2 -f mp4 "$M4BFILE"
## add the chapters every 10 minutes
mp4chaps -e 600 "$M4BFILE"

## tidy up
rm "$MP3METADATA"
if [ -e "$JPGFILE" ]; then
   rm "$JPGFILE"
fi
#rm "$OUTFILE"
echo "finished"

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#!/bin/bash

INFILE="$1"

BITRATE="96k"

MP3TITLE=""

MP3ARTIST=""

MP3ALBUM=""

MP3COMMENT=""

MP3YEAR=""

MP3PERFORMER=""

####

#### FUNCTIONS

####

function setMP3variables() {

TAG="$1"

VALUE="$2"

case "$TAG" in

title)

MP3TITLE="$VALUE"

;;

artist)

MP3ARTIST="$VALUE"

;;

comment)

MP3COMMENT="$VALUE"

;;

album_artist)

MP3PERFORMER="$VALUE"

;;

album)

MP3ALBUM="$VALUE"

;;

date)

MP3YEAR="$VALUE"

;;

esac

}

## get the tag text from the metadata

## if the line contains an equals (=) then split by the first equals.

function getMP3tags() {

MP3METADATA="$1"

while read -r line

case "$line" in

*=*)

TAG=${line%%"="*}

VALUE=${line#*"="}

setMP3variables "$TAG" "$VALUE"

;;

esac

done < "$MP3METADATA"

if [[ ! -z "${MP3TITLE// }" ]]; then

OUTFILE="$MP3TITLE".mp3

M4BFILE="$MP3TITLE".m4b

}

####

#### BEGINS

####

FILENAME=$(basename "$INFILE" | cut -d. -f1)

if [[ -z "${FILENAME// }" ]]; then

echo "filename missing"

exit 1

OLDIFS=$IFS

OUTFILE="$FILENAME"_out.mp3

M4BFILE="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".m4b

METADATA="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".metadata

JPGFILE="${OUTFILE:0:-4}".jpg

## check if input is a diretory

if [ -d "$INFILE" ]; then

# get the name of the first MP3 file in the directory

FIRSTFILE=$(find "$INFILE" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n | head -1)

FIRSTFILE=$(basename "$FIRSTFILE")

if [[ -z "${FIRSTFILE// }" ]]; then

echo "no mp3 files in directory"

exit 1

## save the MP3 tag metadata from the first file

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE/$FIRSTFILE" -f ffmetadata "$METADATA"

## save out the cver art image

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE/$FIRSTFILE" -an -vcodec copy "$JPGFILE"

## process the tag metadata - put it into the $MP3* strings, set $OUTFILE and $LOGFILE from the title

getMP3tags "$METADATA"

## make a bar seperated list of the MP3 files that are to be combined

MP3FILES=""

IFS=$'\n'

FILES=($(find "$INFILE" -name "*.mp3" | sort -n))

for files in "${FILES[@]}"; do

MP3FILES+="$files|"

done

MP3FILES=${MP3FILES:0:-1}

## combine all the MP3 files into one big file

## $OUTFILE is set using either the $FILENAME or $MP3TITLE if that has been used

ffmpeg -y -i "concat:$MP3FILES" -vn -vsync 2 -acodec copy "$OUTFILE"

else

## process a single MP3 file

## save the MP3 tag metadata from the first file

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -f ffmetadata "$METADATA"

ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -an -vcodec copy "$JPGFILE"

## process the tag metadata - put it into the $MP3* strings, set $OUTFILE and $LOGFILE from the title

getMP3tags "$METADATA"

#ffmpeg -y -i "$INFILE" -vn -vsync 2 -acodec copy "$OUTFILE"

OUTFILE="$INFILE"

## if there is a cover image, these are are the options for adding it back in

WITHJPG=()

if [ -e "$JPGFILE" ]; then

IFS=$OLDIFS

WITHJPG=(-i "$JPGFILE" -metadata:s:v comment="Cover (front)")

## create the audiobook M4B file

## and write the metadata into the output file

ffmpeg -y -i "$OUTFILE" -i "$METADATA" "${WITHJPG[@]}" -map_metadata 1 -id3v2_version 3 -acodec aac -b:a "$BITRATE" -strict -2 -f mp4 "$M4BFILE"

## add the chapters every 10 minutes

mp4chaps -e 600 "$M4BFILE"

## tidy up

rm "$MP3METADATA"

if [ -e "$JPGFILE" ]; then

rm "$JPGFILE"

#rm "$OUTFILE"

echo "finished"

When encoding to the M4B using a re-combined file I saw a few of these errors from ffmpeg:

[mp3 @ 0x7fffc3bc9ea0] Header missing
Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input

1 2	[mp3 @ 0x7fffc3bc9ea0] Header missing Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input

These appear to be caused by the mp3splt program from when the original MP3 file was being split into 50 minute chunks, but I can’t hear any effect on the output.

Lots of information about the file can be gotten using mediainfo, to install in Debian/Ubuntu use: sudo apt-get install mediainfo, example use:

mediainfo --fullscan "big fat file.m4b"

1	mediainfo --fullscan "big fat file.m4b"

Links and References

ffmpeg, encode AAC: https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Encode/AAC
ArchLinux audiobook howto

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Creating an Audiobook

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